浅议冷冻胚胎权属纠纷与公民自由

Preliminary discussion on the ownership rights to frozen embryos and civil rights

目前,我国关于冷冻胚胎法律属性的观点主要有三种:主体说、客体说、折中说。在供者意外死亡的情形中,国际上通行的审理冷冻胚胎权属纠纷案件的思路是:首先看供者有无预先指示,如无预先指示,再确定冷冻胚胎的法律属性。接着考虑如何选择适用法律,无锡冷冻胚胎继承案遵循了这一思路。笔者认为,不论冷冻胚胎的法律属性是什么,对于冷冻胚胎的监管、处理等权利都属于供者之继承人的个人自由。在没有违反法律禁止性规定、没有违背公序良俗、没有损害他人合法权益的情况下,公权力、社会或任何社会成员均不得粗暴干涉供者继承人的自由权利。此类案件的审理都应遵循密尔的自由原则及德沃金的法律规则-原则-政策理论,捍卫公民的自由权利。

Present perspectives on the legal property of frozen embryo in China fall into three major categories：An Embryo as Life,An Embryo as Property,An Embryo as Tissue with the Potential for Human Life.In terms of the possession rights of the frozen embryo after the donor＇s accidental death,the international convention prefers that：First to see whether there is advanced directive by the donor or not;if there is no advanced directive by the donor,the possession rights needs to be reestablished.The choice of appropriate laws needs to be considered.Wuxi case followed the above procedures.The present author holds that,despite the issue of legal property,the inheritor of the donor＇s has the freedom and rights to supervise and manage the embryo.In particular,when the deeds are of no violence to law,ethics and morality,with no harm to other＇s interests,civil rights of the donor＇s inheritors should not be interfered violently by any public power,social institution or individual.Identical cases should be heard/handled according to Mill＇s freedom principle,so as to defend civil rights.