北京口语中具有连接作用的“再”

Zai(再) as a conjunction in Beijing dialect

北京口语中的"再"有连词的用法。文章以语调单位为观察点分析了连词"再"的连接作用和语用功能,解释了连词"再"在北京口语中的使用原则。通过比较分析副词"再"和连词"再"的句法语义特点,讨论了副词"再"是如何演变为连词的。文章最后呼吁要加强汉语口语语法的研究。

The connective zai in Beijing dialect can be used as a conjunction linking NPs or clauses,which is different from its use as an adverb in the aspects of syntactic behaviors and pragmatic functions.In this study,intonation unit(IU) is chosen as the locus in analyzing the conjunction use of zai,which can be used to link grammatical items,like NPs or clauses,in one IU([A zai B]_(IU)),between two IUs([A]]_(IU),[zai B]_(IU)) and as a separate IU(A,[zai(particle ne)_(IU)],B).Based on the above observations,three principles concerning the usage of conjunction zai can be summarized as follows:First,conjunction zai must be used in front of the conjunct rather than at the end of it,e.g.* A zai,B zai.Second,conjunction zai cannot be positioned at the beginning of the utterance if there is no conjuncts before it,like * zai A,(zai) B.Third,conjunction zai cannot be at the final position when there is no conjunct following it,such as * A,(zai) B,zai.These three principles of usage can be explained by grammaticalization of conjunction zai originated from adverb zai.This research reports on three pragmatic functions of conjunction zai,which were classified according to the nature of its linking items.Conjunction zai can link two or more pairs of Topic-Comment(T-C),like T-C,zai T-C.It can also be used as a link between two different list items in a list construction,for instance,list item A,zai list item B.When speaker makes explanations for an event and gives a list of reasons,conjunction zai can be used among various reasons,whose function is similar to it used in the list construction,for example,reason A,zai reason B.Through the above examination of pragmatic functions of conjunction zai,it shows that the three pragmatic functions can be generalized as one main pragmatic function:linking list items.In comparison with adverb zai from the aspect of syntax and semantics,conjunction zai cannot be used as a certain sentence constituent,and it functions as a connective linking two grammatical items and indicating the relationship between them.However,adverb zai modifyies the predicate verb or the whole sentence following it.As for the semantics,adverb zai and conjunction zai represent some very distinctive semantic features.For instance,the events including adverb zai are irrealis,and adverb zai modifying the predicate verb can be negated while conjunction zai cannot,and so on.The paper discusses the semantic basis of grammaticalization of conjunction zai originated from adverb zai.Zai as a numeral originally means twice or second time.From numeral zai to adverb zai,and then to conjunction zai,it experiences the processes of grammaticalization and further grammaticalization.The grammaticalization process of zai can be generalized as follows:twice or second time→repetition→continuation→supplementary→order or sequence→conjunction.This cline of grammaticalization can also be found in other languages,like Waropen,Aranda,and Cayuga.