从正义理论的批判到批判的正义理论

From the Critique of Justice Theory to the Critical Theory of Justice

作为现代社会的核心价值,自由是社会正义旨在实现的主要目标,对自由的不同理解往往会产生不同的正义理论。《自由的权利》中,霍耐特分别对消极自由和反思的自由进行了概念与历史的梳理,指出它们存在的根本问题,提出了用黑格尔式的社会自由来克服这些缺陷的构想。社会自由是"在他人之中保持自我"的自由,它内在地需要一种相互承认的关系,并要求存在保障这种承认关系的规范性实践机制。通过对现代社会私人关系、市场经济和公共政治三个生活领域的考察和分析,霍耐特揭示了存在于这些生活实践背后的承认关系,并基于这种承认关系对现实的社会生活提出了指导和批评,这构成了他关于社会正义的基本主张。和罗尔斯通过对社会资源的平等分配实现社会正义的谋划相比,霍耐特是基于对人们现实生活中互相承认关系的规范性重构及其批判来实现社会正义的要求的,他的主张因此不仅是对正义理论的批判,更是一种批判的正义理论。

As the core value of modem societies, freedom constitutes the main aim of the social justice, and different understandings of freedom always lead to different theories of justice. In his Freedom＇ s Right, Axel Honneth explores the concept and history of negative freedom and reflexive freedom, and reveals their intrinsic defects. Then he suggests a project that can conquer these defects by Hegelian conception of social freedom. Social freedom, which preserves one＇ s freedom under the relation with others, needs the mutual recognition relations among different individuals in itself; hence it requires the existence of normative practice institutions that can safeguard the mutual recognition relations. After his analyses of three domains of our lives ： the personal relations, the market economy and the public policy, Honneth shows the mutual recognition relations behind these social practices and presents a series of criticisms of actual lives based on these recognition relations, which constitute his main claims of social justice. Compared with John Rawls, who hopes to achieve the social justice by the equal distribution of social resources, Honneth attempts to achieve the social justice by his normative reconstruction of the mutual recognition relations implicit in our real lives and his criticisms of these relations. His theory is thus not only the criticism of the theory of justice, but also the critical theory of justice.