我国竞技运动员培养的制度变迁——基于制度变迁理论

Institutional Change in Athletes Cultivation in China——Based on the Theory of Institutional Change

"制度的变迁与革新,既是各利益主体之间的博弈产物,也是一种公共行为选择的必然产物。"自新中国成立以来,我国体育事业的发展特别是竞技体育的制度选择,是在计划竞技体制背景下制定的由国家"管、包、办"的方式存在。如今,随着国家经济体制与发展方式的转型,我国竞技体育也随之走向了商业化、产业化、职业化和市场化的发展道路,这使得原有计划经济体制下的竞技体育生产制度与当前市场化发展模式下的竞技体育生产制度产生较大冲突,并由此引发了运动员产权界定不清、利益分配不均、培养模式多元化发展等问题的凸显,以及运动员对其培养模式改革的制度诉求与制度需要。因此,在新时期下如何科学的制定和完善运动员的培养制度成为了学者们研究的重点问题。

The change and reform of the system is not only the product of the game between different interests,but also an inevitable one of the choice of public behavior. Since the founding of New China,the development of China＇s sports undertaking,especially the selection of the competitive sports system,has been sustained by the planning competitive system,which leaves it to the state to take care of everything concerning the athlete. However,with the transformation of the national economic system and the mode of development,competitive sports have embarked on the road of commercialization,industrialization,professionalization and marketization. This has led to major conflicts between the the production system of competitive sports under the original planned economy system and the one under the current market development model,has triggered problems of a vague definition of athletes＇ property rights,uneven distribution of interests,and diversification of cultivation models,and has also prompted athletes to demand systemic reform. Therefore,in the new era,how to formulate and improve the training system of the athletes has become one of the focuses for scholars.