有机无机肥配施对旱地冬小麦产量、水肥利用效率及土壤肥力的影响

Effect of Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Winter Wheat Yield,Water and Fertilizer Use Efficiency and Soil Fertility in Dryland

在陕西渭北旱塬,为探寻适合当地冬小麦生产的合理有机无机肥配施比例,通过田间试验研究不同氮肥用量（0kg/hm2,75kg/hm2,150kg/hm2,225kg/hm2和300kg/hm2）与有机肥（30t/hm2猪粪）配施对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用效率、水分利用效率及土壤养分的影响。结果表明,有机无机肥配施能提升冬小麦产量,3a冬小麦产量最高值均出现在M＋N225处理,比对照分别增产23.1%,49.7%和23.0%,比相同氮肥用量下的单施无机肥处理分别提升1.2%,12.7%,3.5%。经过3a连续种植,有机无机肥配施处理有土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾分别比试验前提升18.8%,22.2%,282.1%和15.1%。合理的有机无机肥配施比例能显著提升冬小麦水分和氮肥利用效率,但过量氮肥与有机肥配施会造成冬小麦减产,水分和氮肥利用效率显著降低,而且残留在土壤中的硝态氮含量显著增加。综上所述,在渭北旱塬地区小麦生产中,应在施用有机肥30t/hm2（折合纯氮240kg/hm2）的基础上配施75~150kg/hm2的氮肥。

In order to explore a suitable proportion of combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to local winter wheat production in Weibei dryland,a field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of combinations of different rates of nitrogen fertilizer（0kg/hm2,75kg/hm2,150kg/hm2,225kg/hm2,and 300kg/hm2）with organic manure（pig manure 30t/hm2）on winter wheat yield,nitrogen use efficiency,water use efficiency and soil nutrients.The results showed that combined application of inorganic fertilizer and organic manure could improve winter wheat yield.The highest wheat yield occurred in M＋N225treatment,which was 23.1%,49.7% and 23.0% higher than wheat yield in CK treatment in 3years,respectively.After 3-year＇s continuous cropping,the combined application of inorganic fertilizer with organic manure increased soil organic matter,total N,available P,available potassium content by 18.8%,22.2%,282.1%,and 15.1%,respectively.The suitable proportion of organic and inorganic fertilizers could improve nitrogen and water use efficiency,while high amount of nitrogen fertilizer combined with organic manure significantly reduced winter wheat yield,water and nitrogen use efficiency,and increased the residual nitrate content in soil.In conclusion,the combined application of 75~150kg/hm2 nitrogen fertilizer and 30t/hm2 organic manure（240kg/hm2）showed the most positive effects on winter wheat yield in Weibei dryland.