山岳型遗产地环境容量动态管理研究

Dynamic Management of Carrying Capacity in Mountain Heritage

遗产地环境容量的测量与管理,是涉及许多学科的研究命题。传统的环境容量研究是以静态测量为技术手段,获得的是每一个特定空间静态容人量的最佳值和饱和值。但现实中影响环境容量的主体——游客的行为是动态的,而且在山岳型遗产地的线形游览空间中,不同节点的环境空间特征是多样化的,当游客集中到访时,同样规模的客流对不同特征的环境空间所造成的压力不同,这就使静态测量的环境容量值在管理实践中失去了效力。本文引入时间维度、遵循旅游流时空聚集规律提出了山岳型遗产地环境容量动态管理的新方法——旅游流时空卡口识别,并以世界自然和文化遗产泰山为案例进行了实证研究,运用时间地理学方法分析旅游流时空分布特征识别泰山中路旅游流时空卡口。实证分析结果表明,泰山中路旅游流时空卡口主要集中分布在红门、经石峪、中天门、南天门、天街、玉皇顶、日观峰七个空间区域,而时间上则相对分散,在各个时段都出现了旅游流时空卡口;整个泰山中路的旅游流时空卡口仅占全部时空区域5.52%,但却吸引了接近50.04%的游客在此聚集停留。由此可见,对于时空卡口的观测和管理,是山岳型遗产地保护与管理工作的最关键环节。文章最后从调节游客个体行为、动态控制旅游容量、建立智慧旅游预警系统三个方面,讨论了旅游流时空卡口识别法在山岳型遗产地环境容量管理中的应用前景。旅游流时空卡口概念的提出及识别方法的构建,不仅在理论上弥补了旅游环境容量测算体系的缺陷,更在遗产地环境容量、资源与游客安全管理体系中解决了旅游流动态监控、及时预警、提前调节等关键问题,实现了遗产地旅游开放状态下的环境、资源与游客管理的安全可控。

Assessment and management of heritage carrying capacity involve many disciplines. Traditional static measurements obtain the optimal value and saturation value for a certain space,which is the main technical method of traditional carrying capacity study.However,tourists,the subjects who affect carrying capacity of environment are dynamic. Especially,as to Mountain heritage sites,its environmental capacity are relatively limited for their topography characteristics. Massive and concentrated visits will not only increase the pressure of environmental protection,but also influence the quality of tourist experience,and even sometimes threaten tourist physical security. Traditional researches on tourism environmental capacity mainly depend on static measurement. By introducing time dimension and analyzing the rule of spatiotemporal distribution of tourist flow, this paper proposed a new method of dynamic management of carrying capacity in mountain heritage through putting forward the concept of ＂the spatiotemporal bayonet of tourist flow＂,and recognizes it with time geography method. The results of data analysis of Mountain Tai show that there are seven spatial bayonets,which are Red Gate,Stone Valley,Half Way Gate to Heaven,South Gate to Heaven,Tianjie,Jade Emperor Peak and Riguan peak,while the temporal bayonets are decentralization relatively. All those temporal-spatial bayonets of the middle route in Mountain Tai only account for 5. 52% of the whole area,which attract almost 50. 04% tourists. Hence one can see that,recognition and management of Space-Time Bayonet of tourists flow is quite important to dynamic management of carrying capacity in mountain heritage. Besides,this paper discussed the academic contribution of the spatiotemporal bayonet of tourist flow and its potential application practically through regulating tourist ＇s behavior,controlling tourism environmental capacity dynamically and building intelligent early-warning system three aspect. The concept of Space-Time Bayonet of tourists flow not only made up for the defects of traditional measurement method of tourist carrying capacity,but also resolved the key practical problems in heritage carrying capacity management system,such as dynamic monitor of tourist flow,early warning,and regulation in advance.