古代彩绘文物胶结材料免疫分析技术

Immunoassays technology of binding media in ancient polychrome cultural relics

胶结材料是彩绘类文物(如各种壁画、建筑彩绘、陶质彩绘等)颜料层的重要组成部分。古人常用天然生物材料,如蛋清、皮胶、骨胶、桃胶等作为彩绘颜料的调和剂。检测文物胶结材料的成分不仅是研究文物工艺史的需要,对于这些濒危文物的加固保护也具有十分重要的意义。但是,由于胶结材料含量很少,杂质多、易老化、流失快,加之分析检测技术的局限性,使得彩绘类文物胶结材料的检测成为当今文物分析领域中比较困难的课题。在现代分子生物学基础上建立起来的免疫分析技术,利用抗体和抗原之间的特异反应,可以高度灵敏地鉴定出目标生物源分子。目前,国内外在采用免疫分析技术鉴别文物成分方面已经取得了许多研究成果,特别是以酶联免疫技术(ELISA)和免疫荧光显微镜技术(IFM)为代表的免疫分析技术在鉴别文物生物源胶结材料方面具有明显的优势。综述了国内外的相关研究进展以及本实验室的有关研究工作,同时提出,现有免疫分析技术以及在其基础上发展起来的高灵敏图像示踪的化学发光免疫技术(CLIA)等在文物微量成分检测和空间分布确定等方面还具有很大的发展潜力。

The binding media is the important part of pigment layer in building painting, etc.）. Egg white, skin glue, bone glue and peach gum, paintings （e.g. ancient murals, painting pottery and ancient etc. Natural biomaterials are commonly used by the ancients as binding media or adhesives in painting pigments. The detection of the binding media is crucial for studies of cultural relics history and the reinforcement and conservation of endangered cultural relics. Nevertheless, the binding media easily loss and aging resulting from the nature of itself, adding to the limitations of analytical techniques, the research work of cultural relics has been greatly affected. Based on the modem molecular biology, immunological technique has got fast development, taking advantage of the highly specificity of antigens and antibodies, which would allow different biological source of target molecular to be determined sensitively. At present, the researches of identification of components in cultural relics by immunological technique has got many successful cases, especially represented by ELISA and IFM, had significant advantages in the identification of biological source of binding media. The related research progress and our laboratory research work of the immunoassays for identification of binding media in ancient polychrome cultural relics were reviewed in detail; meanwhile also proposed, existing immunological technique and high sensitivity imaging trace chemiluminescence immunoassay have the potential of imaging or spatially resolved in the identification of micro-components.