德国研究型大学学术职位制度的历史、特点及变革趋势

The Historical Development,Characteristics and Reform Trends of Academic Post System in German Research Universities

学术职位作为学术机构配置人力资源的重要制度,对以科研创新为主要职能的研究型大学尤为重要。研究型大学最早发轫于德国,在其发展历程中形成了以讲座制为核心的独特的学术职位体系。然而,其政府主导、等级分明和非连续性的特征造成了学术人员阶层分化和制度性分割,影响了研究型大学学术水平的整体发展,成为德国大学学术创新的阻力。近年来,德国政府进行了多方面的改革,力图优化研究型大学的学术职位制度,促进高等教育系统多元化,提升德国的学术竞争力。

The academic position system is an important system of human resources al- location in academic institutions, and particularly important for research universities which function mainly in research innovation. The earliest research universities were established in German, and formed its＇ unique academic post in the development process. However, the traditional characteristics such as government-led, hierarchical and non-continuity were rigid, brought about the class differentiation and institutional segmentation among the academic staff, and influenced the development of the German research universities＇overall academic standards, gradually became a resistance of academic innovation. In recent years, German government carried out many reforms, trying to optimize the academic position system of the research Universities, Promote the diversification of the higher education system, and enhance the academic competitiveness of Germany.