“正当”还是“决定程序”——后果主义语境下弗雷伦理论的考察

Right or Decision Procedure:Frey Ethical Review in the Context of Consequentialism

作为后果主义主要形式的行动功利主义在伦理学发展史上曾发挥过轴心性的作用。由于它提供了一种相对简单的指导和较容易运用的道德理论,因此,它似乎能够被大多数人作为日常生活的道德所决定。但由于其与道德直觉存在明显的冲突,行动功利主义遭遇了非议者的猛烈抨击,随之而来的是其辩护者对它的仔细考察和修正。这期间,最有意义的发展好像是黑尔的间接功利主义。在黑尔看来,行动功利主义是批判层次(理论层面)上而非直觉(日常生活)上的直接判断,这些改变使行动功利主义看上去既是一种关于正当的理论又是一种关于如何道德的思考的理论。然而,弗雷认为,行动功利主义必须在作为一种正当的理论和一种决定程序之间进行区分,得到适当理解的行动功利主义仅是一种正当理论,而惟有道德的思考才可能是一种行为的决定程序。

As the main form of consequentialism＇s act utilitarianism has played the role of axial disposition in the history of the development of ethics.Because it provides a relatively simple and easy moral theory to use the guidance,therefore,it seems to be as a daily moral decision by most people.But because of bright or dark conflict between moral intuition and act utilitarianism,it experienced the slams of slanders.Then,its defenders examine and revise the theory.During the period,the most meaningful development seems to be Hale indirect utilitarianism.Hale thinks,act utilitarianism is the direct judgment of critical theory,so it excludes the possibility of intuition in direct judgment.These changes make the action utilitarianism looks like both legal theory and how to think morally.However,Frey believes,act utilitarianism must distinguish between a proper theory and a decision procedure,the action of utilitarianism of appropriate understanding is only a legitimate theory,but the moral thinking might be a behavioral decision procedure.