国家海上民事管辖权:概念及其展开

National maritime civil jurisdiction: the concept and its expansion

存在主权国家,则必有其管辖权力。当今国际海洋事务正经历着复杂而深刻的变化,各国在行使海上管辖权的过程中,争议与冲突日渐增多。在中国维护海洋权益的时代背景下,国家海上民事管辖权已初见端倪。国家海上民事管辖权系定位于国际法层面、主权意义上的管辖,更多地表征着维护国家海洋主权与海洋权益的独特品性。国家海上民事管辖权是国家作为特殊的民事主体,根据权力指向对象为标准而分类之产物,其着眼于权力指向对象的主权归属问题,包括但非限于主权国家对以自然形态客观存在的海洋系统的管控;对各管辖海域的海域活动、涉海事务、涉海行为等管控权力,具有宣示国家海洋主权的时代品格。

Where there is a sovereign state, there must exist its jurisdiction. International maritime affairs are undergoing complex and profound changes, controversies and conflicts are increasing in number in the process of exercising jurisdiction at sea by the sovereign states. Agaist the background of safeguarding marine rights and interests by P. R. China, the issue of national maritime civil jurisdiction has emerged. National maritime civil jurisdiction is a special kind of jurisdiction operating in the level of international law and in the sense of sovereignty, characterized by the unique character of safeguarding national sovereignty and maritime rights and interests of the ocean. National maritime civil jurisdiction takes the state as a special civil subject, it is classified by the subject the power points to, and focused on the question of sovereignty of the subject the power points to, including but not limited to the control by the sovereign state over the marine system in its natural objective exist- ence state, the power of control over the maritime activities in the sea within its jurisdiction, sea-related affairs and conducts, and it is characterized by the declaration of national marine sovereignty.