疏浚、排水和开垦 荷兰低地圩田景观分析

Dredge,Drain and Reclaim Landscape Analysis of Polder Model in Dutch Lowlands

荷兰低地的自然景观是由瀉湖、沼泽、海湾、河口组成的持续变化的三角洲景观体系,长达约6个世纪中大规模泥炭圩田开垦和始于17世纪的大规模湖床圩田的开垦,将这块介于大陆和海洋之间的流动的蛮荒之地转化为一个相对稳定丰产的富饶之地。圩田成为荷兰低地最为重要的乡土景观类型,综合了农业生产、水利调控和城镇建设,文章将简要论述荷兰低地圩泥炭圩田和湖床圩田的发展历程,然后从景观空间、水文流域和社会自治的角度对其加以分析,试图对圩田这一荷兰典型的乡土景观有一个较为全面和深刻的理解。

The Dutch natural landscape is a gradually-changing delta landscape system, which consists of lagoons, swamps, bays and estuaries. With as long as 6 centuries large-scale peat polder reclamation and large-scale lake-bed polder reclamation from 17th century, turned the capricious wilderness between the continent and the sea into a land which is relatively stable and fertile. Polder landscape has become the most important vernacular landscape type in Dutch lowlands, as a combination of agricultural production, hydrology infrastructure and town planning. The article lists the development process of peat polder and lake bed polder in Dutch lowlands, analyzing from the perspectives of the landscape space, hydroIogy and social autonomy, which he^ps to comprehensively and profoundly understand the typical vernacular landscape in Dutch lowlands.