美院、工学院和大学——从建筑学的渊源谈建筑教育的特色

BEAUX-ARTS, POLYTECHNIQUE AND UNIVERSITY: ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION

当代中国建筑教育的问题之一是教学成果的趋同,即各个学校的设计教学成果的高度雷同。其背后的原因是多样的。本文试图从建筑教育的渊源来讨论这个问题。建筑教育的三个基本模式——美院(即"布杂")、工学院和大学——各自的教育目标不同也必然导致教育的成果各异。而中国建筑教育的特殊历史发展导致全国的建筑教育都深受"布杂"的影响,必然导致教学成果的趋同。作为结论,作者强调在国家的格局上明确区分不同教学模式的重要性,而且在美院、工学院和大学三种模式中,应该以工学院模式为主导,美院和大学模式为补充。

One of the contemporary issues of Chinese architectural education is the phenomenon of convergence that the output of studio teaching from various schools appears to be highly similar. The reasons behind might be many-sided. In this article, the issue is tackled from a viewpoint of the origin of architectural education. By tracing three basic models of architectural education--Beaux-Arts, Polytechnique, and university, the author tries to reveal that each has its own educational goal and teaching method associated with it, subsequently different output as the result of education. In case of Chinese architectural education, due to its particular historical evolution, the whole nation has been influenced by the Beaux-Arts model regardless it＇s an art school or a polytechnic school. The convergence of outputs from schools sharing the same understanding and methods is an inevitable consequence. As a conclusion, the author emphasizes the necessity to have a clear distinction between three different models of architectural education. At a national level, the Polytechnique models should be the dominant model and supplemented by Beaux-Arts and university model.