挥发性植物源害虫引诱剂筛选与混配方法的新视角

A new perspective on the screening and blending of volatile pest attractants derived from plants

成虫期是农业害虫世代发育链中容易实施人为干预的薄弱环节,利用植物源引诱剂诱杀成虫具有微量高效、兼容配套、环境友好、不易产生抗性等优点。此前已经筛选出了一些简单配方,但其害虫诱杀量占自然种群的比例以及诱杀选择性还未达到令人满意的水平。传统化学生态学技术针对植物源害虫引诱剂的筛选存在两个难题,一是如何将组织程度较高的植物挥发物谱合理地分解为若干子系统,然后对其功能进行有机的耦合;二是针对数量众多的电生理或行为活性成分,如何设计引诱剂配方并进行整体优化。在这篇综述中,作者指出了传统化学生态学某些技术环节的不足之处;综述了近年来国内外植物源害虫引诱剂筛选与应用的新思路以及人类调香术对于引诱剂研制的启示;给出了电生理活性成分的正交组合测定法,以及引诱剂大田配方设计的关键方法——配方均匀设计的原理和案例。

The adult stage of agricultural insect pests represents a window within which artificial interference can affect the entire subsequent generation. Plant-derived attractants that are effective, compatible, environmentally friendly, and long-lasting resistance have proven difficult to develop. Some simple attractant blends have been developed, however, their effectiveness with respect to both luring a significant proportion of the target species population, and reducing the proportion of beneficial non-target insects caught, have never been satisfactory. Two barriers hinder the screening and blending of plant-derived attractants using traditional chemical ecology methods; the first is how to rationally break-down a highly organized plant volatile profile into its constituent chemicals and then to re-organize these to produce compounds with a useful biological function, the second is how to design and optimize attractant blends in trapping experiments after the identification of some individual electrophysiological or behaviorally active components. In this review, we first describe some technical bottlenecks in traditional chemical ecology; then review some recent novel ideas for the screening and application of plant-derived attractants, including the implications of perfumery for attractant development. Finally we recommend two complementary screening methods; the first is laboratory behavioral bioassay of the orthogonal combination of electrophysiologically active components, the second is the principles of uniform formula design, which is a key blending method for attractants in field trapping.