清代“科道合一”得失之再认识

Re- Conception of the Effects of the “Combination of Ke and Dao”in Qing Dynasty

清雍正年间的"科道合一",是我国古代监察法制发展史上继"台谏合一"后的又一次重要变革。这一改制,使得六科给事中转隶都察院,并于客观事实上造成了我国古代监察法制中谏议制度的终结。通过对比"科道合一"前后六科给事中的权责变化,以历史辩证法为分析进路,认为"科道合一"在巩固皇权和稳定国家政权、实现监察机构和组织的规范化建设等方面发挥了应有的实效;然而,皇权专制下的"科道合一"更是加深了皇帝专权的力度,并在一定程度上加剧了清中后期的官场腐败。

The ＂combination of Ke and Dao＂（ two organs of legal supervision） performed in the reign of Emperor Yongzheng is a significant reform upon ＂combination of Tai and Jian＂in historic development of Chinese supervision system. Upon this reform,supervisors named as Jishizhong from six Ke has been substituted by the supervision organ of Duchayuan,which has objectively ended the system of Jianyi（ to offer advice to the Emperor by officials）. Based on the comparison of powers and duties of Jishizhong before and after the ＂combination of Ke and Dao＂,and adhering to the path of historical dialectics,this paper holds that the ＂combination of Ke and Dao＂has functioned effectively to consolidate the imperial power,to stabilize the regime,and to normalize the system of supervision institutions and organizations. However,the ＂combination of Ke and Dao＂has intensified the autocracy of emperor which led to aggravation of corruption among officials in the middle and late Qing Dynasty.