“西域”与“西洋”——从哈密西关看《三宝太监西洋记通俗演义》的地理意识

Geographical Consciousness of Popular Stories of Sanbao Eunuch's Journey to Western World( 三宝太监西洋记通俗演义) : A Perspective of Hami Xiguan

罗懋登《三宝太监西洋记通俗演义》叙述占城国发生的故事时,用哈密西关取代了占城国的门户港口新州港,如此处理的原因,并非不了解占城国的地理风貌,恰恰相反,作者参考了众多载记占城国地理知识的书籍,很多细节也未遗漏,为了叙事需要,有所择取和改编。作者之所以在港口名称上做文章,实际上是看中了哈密西关在有明一代作为西域通往中原的门户或咽喉的重要性,且知名度远高于新洲港。藉此象征,罗懋登隐喻了明王朝对于整个西番世界的征服以及对"蛮夷"教化的"追忆"。这与罗懋登追思前朝"西戎即序",欲夸明代声教之远的主观心态有关,客观上也与他辨别不清西域与西洋界域的空间视野有关。把新洲港改作哈密西关,看似随意,实际上呈露出明代中晚期文人认知周边世界的眼界不足,以及固执于天朝中心观的保守心态。

When Luo Maodeng narrates the story of Champa Kingdom in Popular Stories of Sanbao Eunuch＇ s Journal to Western World, Hami Xiguan was used instead of Xinzhou Harbor, which was the door of Champa King- dom. The reason for this is not the author was not familiar with the geographical features of Champa Kingdom; on the contrary, he referenced many books that recorded the knowledge of Champa Kingdom geography without leaving out any details. The reason for the author to change the port name is that he recognizes the importance of the west- ern gateway of Hami as the gate of the western Regions to Central China in the Ming Dynasty. Besides, the western gateway of Hami Xiguan is more famous than the Xinzhou Harbor. Luo Maodeng wanted to recall the conquest of the Ming Dynasty to the western world and the memories to humanize the barbarians. This reflects his subjective of missing broad influence of the former dynasty and his failure to tell the difference between the West Region and the Western world. To change Xinzhou Harbor as Hami Xiguan reveals that the litterateur of middle and late Ming Dy- nasty acquired deficient knowledge of surrounding countries and the world, which also indicates that the litterateur sticked to conservative thinking of China＇ s ethnocentrism.