灌溉施肥对尼罗河三角洲玉米产量和水分利用率的影响

Effects of Different Irrigation and Fertilization Strategies on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Maize in Nile Delta

针对埃及尼罗河三角洲地区传统灌溉方式存在的水分利用效率低、产量低和农户增收困难等问题,通过田间试验探索该地区玉米种植适宜的灌溉施肥模式。大田试验于2012年和2013年在埃及苏伊士运河大学试验基地进行,共设置滴灌（D）、涌泉细流沟灌（B）、传统沟灌（F）3个灌溉方式和施无机肥（C）、液态有机肥（O）2个施肥种类,共6个处理。试验研究了水肥互作对玉米叶面积指数（LAI）、地上生物量（ADM）、产量构成要素、经济产量、水分利用效率（WUE）和经济效益的影响。结果表明：抽雄期以后,灌溉方式和施肥种类对玉米LAI和ADM的影响均有显著差异（P〈0.05）,其中OD处理的LAI和ADM均处最高水平。两种施肥条件下,D、B和F 3种灌溉方式对玉米产量和WUE的影响均表现为：B〉D〉F。不同灌水条件下,O处理比C处理玉米产量提高18.6%～24.4%,WUE提高18.7%～23.4%。CB处理玉米的年均净效益最高,达7 373元/hm2,但与CF处理差异不显著。CB处理（即涌泉细流沟灌技术与施无机肥结合）是埃及尼罗河三角洲玉米最佳种植模式。

Traditional irrigation practices caused low maize water use efficiency,yield and income of local farmers in Nile Delta of Egypt. To explore the optimal irrigation and fertilization strategies,the effects of interactions between irrigation and fertilization on leaf area index（ LAI）,aboveground dry matter（ ADM）,yield component,water use efficiency（ WUE）,economic yield and benefit of maize were investigated. During the field experiments in two consecutive years（ 2012 and 2013）,there were three irrigation modes（ drip irrigation,bubble irrigation and traditional furrow irrigation,irrigation rates were 80%,70% of estimated evapotranspiration and local traditional irrigation quantity,respectively）and two fertilization types（ liquid organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer）. Six treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design,with four replicates for each treatment. The results showed thatirrigation modes and fertilization types had significant effects on the LAI and ADM after the tasseling stage,with the largest LAI and ADM in the treatment applied liquid organic fertilizer with drip irrigation（ OD）. For the same fertilization type,bubble irrigation had higher impact on maize yield and WUE than drip irrigation,and then followed by traditional furrow irrigation. For three irrigation modes,liquid organic fertilizer increased maize yield by 18. 6% ～ 24. 4% and WUE by 18. 7% ～ 23. 4% compared with chemical fertilizer. The treatment applied chemical fertilizer with bubble irrigation（ CB） yielded the highest average annual net benefit of 7 373 Yuan / hm2,but there was no significant difference between the treatments of CB and CF（ applied chemical fertilizer with traditional furrow irrigation）. In general,the combination of bubble irrigation and chemical fertilizer can be recommended as the optimal irrigation and fertilization strategy for maize production in Nile Delta,which will have a broad prospect for field irrigation in Egypt.