生态系统综合评估研究进展:内涵、框架与挑战

Progress of integrated ecosystem assessment: Concept,framework and challenges

自然生态系统中的所有生物和非生物都具有双重属性,既是生态系统不可或缺的组成部分,也是人类社会可持续发展的基础资源。客观准确地评估生态系统状况,不仅是生态系统生态学所面临的一个科学问题,更是人类可持续发展所面临的一个生态系统综合管理问题。如何客观全面地评估生态系统现状、变化和趋势,是生态学领域研究的热点和难点之一,成为关系着人类社会可持续发展的关键性命题之一。根据当前国内外研究主要成果,从生态系统综合评估的概念和内涵、框架模式和主要内容、发展趋势和挑战等三个方面,梳理和分析了生态系统综合评估的研究进展。基于"社会—经济—自然"复合生态系统角度和社会与生态系统的互动过程,综述了生态系统管理、生态系统服务、生态资产等概念和内涵,讨论和梳理了三者之间的关系。对相关国际组织和政府实施的全球、区域、国家等不同尺度的生态系统综合评估,分析归纳为"生态压力—政策响应"、"生态系统服务—人类福祉"、"服务价值—自然益惠"、"综合状况—变化趋势"等四种评估框架模式。但是,面对多元、综合、复杂、开放的生态系统,基于生态系统与人类社会交互关系的评估框架及相关理论研究、生态系统综合评估指标和方法体系构建、观测技术方法集成和数据同化、时空尺度选择和确定的协同等科学问题,将会成为今后生态系统综合评估发展趋势和挑战。

All biological and abiotic have dual attributes in the natural ecosystems. They are the integral part of ecosystem, and basic resources for the sustainable development of the human society. Objective and accurate assessment of ecosystem, not just a scientific question of ecosystem ecology, is also a management issue of the sustainable development of the human society. To objectively find and understand change features of ecosystem by comprehensive assessment is a popular and difficult topic in ecological research field, and is one of the key propositions of sustainable development of human society. Integrated ecosystem assessment is to better serve the integrated ecosystem management and enhance the ecological system of human society support ability. In this processing and behavior, the ecosystem and its service ability for human society are analyzed, and their statuses and changes are found and understood. There are many core contents in the integrated ecosystem assessment, such as the ecosystem management, ecosystem services, ecological assets. Facing the multiple,comprehensive and open ecosystem, some countries and international organizations have carried out many explorations and practices of integrated ecosystem assessment, and put forward various evaluation frameworks. There are still many problems and challenges. This paper examines the progress of ecosystem assessment, including the concept, framework model and main content, development trends and challenges. Based on the complex＂social-economicnatural＂ecosystems, interactive process of society and ecosystem, concept and content of ecosystem management, ecosystem services, ecological assets and their relationship are discussed. According to the practices and cases of integrated ecological system assessment,which include lots of assessment in global, regional, and national scales, four integrated assessment framework models are summed up. They are ＂ecological pressure-policy responses＂, ＂ecological services-human well-being＂, ＂natural benefits-ecology management＂, ＂comprehensive status-change trends＂. However, as ecosystems are diverse, integrated,complex, and open, lots of scientific questions should be paid more attention in the future,including integrated assessment framework and its relevant theoretical basis, indicators and methods of ecosystem assessment, observation technology integration and data assimilation methods, temporal and spatial scales.