文化创伤、道德观与团结：“大屠杀”等集体谋杀的社会构建(英文)

Culture Trauma,Morality and Solidarity: The Social Construction of“Holocaust”and Other Mass Murders

文化创伤的发生,在于一个族群的成员感到一场可怖事件在他们的族群意识中留下无法抹除的痕迹和永久的记忆,并在深层不可逆转地改变了他们将来的身份。文化创伤的建构过程使不同的社会团体、民族社团、甚至整个文明不仅从认知上体认人类苦难的存在与来源,而且还可能对此负起某种有意义的道德责任。当他们认同了创伤的原因及其相应的道德责任,社群成员也就界定了他们的结团关系,使他们得以分享他人的苦难。当社群认为他人的苦难也可能属于自己时,"我们"这个圈子就会扩展,并有可能修复社群,从而阻止再度创伤。同理,社会团体也往往能否认他人苦难的存在,或者将责任推给其他人。本文主要从实际经验的角度思考德国纳粹大屠杀所带来的创伤构建,同时也考察其他创伤过程,例如与西方或日本帝国主义相关的非裔美国人、土著人民、殖民地受害者,南京大屠杀、早期共产主义阵营如苏联的受害者。

Cultural trauma occurs when members of a collectivity feel they have been subjected to a horrendous event that leaves indelible marks upon their group consciousness, marking their memories forever and changing their future identity in fundamental and irrevocable ways. By constructing cultural traumas, social groups, national societies, and sometimes even entire civilizations, not only cognitively identify the existence and source of human suffering, but may also take on board some significant moral responsibility for it. Insofar as they identify the cause of trauma in a manner that assumes such moral responsibility, members of collectivities define their solidary relationships that allow them to share the suffering of others. In thinking that the suffering of others might in fact also be their own, societies expand the circle of the ＂we＂ and create the possibility for repairing societies to prevent the trauma from happening again. By the same token, social groups can, and often do, refuse to recognize the existence of others＇ suffering, or place the responsibility for it on people other than themselves. Empirically, this article extensively considers trauma construction in the case of the Holocaust -- the mass murder of Jews by the German Nazis -- but also examines trauma processes in relation to African-Americans, indigenous peoples, colonial victims of Western and Japanese imperialism, the Nanjing Massacre, and victims of the early Communist regimes such as in Soviet Russia.