国内外城市物质代谢研究进展

Progress on metabolism of cities

近年来随着中国城市化进程的加快,居住在城市及城市周边地区的人口日渐增多,在这样一个人口高度集中,人工建成环境为主导的现代城市中,人们从大自然中摄取的能源和材料越来越多,向自然生态系统中排放的废物远超过其负荷承载能力,城市物质代谢的失衡将引起众多环境问题。本文按时间顺序综述了国外城市建设过程中,城市物质代谢的兴起、发展、停滞和进步的过程。国外物质代谢研究的两个方向为:1奥德姆研究的能源当量的新陈代谢;2应用比较广泛的从城市物质输入到物质输出研究城市物质代谢。按不同层面综述了国内城市建设的物质代谢的研究历程,发现国内物质代谢研究侧重对建设生态城市中物质代谢的分析研究。最后通过国内外研究进展分析得出未来物质代谢的研究发展方向,主要体现在四方面:1作为城市可持续发展指标;2城市温室气体排放量计算;3城市代谢的数学模型分析;4可持续城市设计的基础。未来的发展方向是研究中应将社会性、健康性和经济指标等纳入到城市新陈代谢框架中,为城市的可持续发展找到合理路径。

Along with the increasing rate of urbanization in China,the population living in cities and surrounding areas has gradually grown. In such a highly concentrated modern city,mainly directed by the artificial built-environment,people are importing more and more resources from nature and exporting waste in excess of the load-capacity of natural ecological systems. This has led to environmental degradation in surrounding areas,resource depletion,degradation of natural ecosystems and an imbalance in urban ecosystem metabolism. Imbalances in urban metabolism cause many environmental problems. Here,we review research in this field and summarize the process of the rise,development,stagnation and progress of urban metabolism. Studies tend to approach this from two angles：metabolism on the energy equivalent of Odum,and metabolism from the input to output of urban material. We conclude that the direction of future research is reflected in four aspects：urban indicators of sustainable development;urban greenhouse gas emissions calculations;mathematical models of urban metabolism;and foundations of sustainable urban design. Using urban metabolism to guide urban planning is a new research direction for China. Our future direction should be social,health and economic indicators into the framework of urban metabolism in order to determine a reasonable path for the sustainable development of cities.