孔子的“为政以德”及其思想基础

Confucius' Thinking of“Virtue-oriented Governance”and Its Ideological Basis

孔子"为政以德"的政治命题是对周公"以德配天"政治观念的继承、转化和提升,孔子倡导的"政者正也""道之以德""爱民利民""取信于民"等政治主张是对周初"敬德保民""明德慎罚"等治理理念的借鉴和发展。孔子将为政之"德"贯穿于其设计的政治生活的诸方面,彰显了其政治思想的价值取向和特质,存有道德决定论和理想主义的倾向。至今仍在以德治国、党员干部执政素质、政治文明建设等方面,具有重要的现实启示和借鉴意义。

Confucius＇ political proposition of ＂virtue - oriented governance＂ is the inheritance, transformation and improvement of Duke Zhou＇s political opinion that ＂the monarchs should match their power bestowed by Heaven with virtue＂. Confucius＇ polit- ical views such as ＂government should be based on justice＂, ＂guiding the public with moral conducts＂, ＂loving and benefiting the common people＂, and ＂winning the trust of the people＂ are the reference and development of such governing philosophies as ＂the ruler should revere Heaven and protect the public＂ and ＂upholding morality while keeping cautious in committing penalty＂. Confucius established the political ＂virtue＂ throughout all the aspects of his designed political life, and manifested the value ori- entation and characteristics of his political thoughts, which possesses the inclination of moral determinism and idealism. Today, his thinking of ＂virtue- oriented govemance＂ still has important realistic enlightenment and referential significance in such as- pects as ruling the country by virtue, the reign capacity of the Party members and carders and political civilization construction.