对语用预设的再认识

Reinterpretation of Pragmatic Presupposition

从对话活动中各涉事主体及其之间关系出发,语用预设是指在具体的言语活动中(包括口语和书面语两种形式),说话人单方作出的对语境敏感的与说话人、听话人和除说话人、听话人以外的第三方涉事主体的意图、态度、信念等情感相关的,并与对话的整体内容联系密切的对话前提。观照对话活动中说话人、听话人和第三方涉事主体,可将语用预设分为事实预设、信念预设、状态预设和行为预设这几个小类。语用预设的特征主要包括主观性、隐蔽性、单向性、双向性、适宜性和可消除性。在具体的对话活动中,语用预设是保证对话经济性、简洁性、有效性和连续性的重要手段。

According to the subjects involved in dialogue activities and their relationships, pragmatic presupposition is defined as a conversational presupposition raised unilaterally by the speaker in dialogue activities（oral and written included）. It is sensitive to the language environment and closely related to the emotion of the speaker, the listener, and the third subject, such as intention, attitude,and belief and so on. Taking the speaker, the listener, and the third subject in speech activities into account, the pragmatic presupposition can be classified into fact presupposition, belief presupposition, state presupposition, and behavior presupposition. It is characterized by subjectivity, concealment, idirectionality, bidirectionality, suitability and eliminationality. Therefore, pragmatic presupposition is an important means to ensure efficiency, simplicity, effectiveness and continuity in dialogue activities.