从《通典·兵典》看杜佑的军事思想

An Analysis of Du You's Military Thoughts from Bingdian of Tongdian

杜佑从理论上坚持"德主兵辅"原则,将兵刑置于教化之下,但在实践中注重"政理",强调当"教化"沦于"空言"时,"兵刑"就成为"理道"之根本。杜佑的整体战略思想是强干弱枝、重里轻外,用以处理唐朝廷与地方、唐王朝与边疆民族的关系。对军事活动中的天候因素,杜佑的基本态度是"顺"与"因";对地形因素,他主张"以地形势不同,因时制度",提出了不同地形的用兵之法,注重"审知地图"和向导的作用;对人事因素,他特别重视将帅的作用,提出了"中和"、"材器"等选将标准,以"训士"、"抚众"为将帅的主要职责。杜佑军事思想的基本特点是实用主义,这也是《通典·兵典》注重用兵之道的重要原因。

Du You adhered to the principle of ＇morality the main and military the ancillary＇ in theory and put the military punishments under the humanization. While in practice, he emphasized political morality, and that the military punishments could be the essential method only when the humanization fell down into empty words. The whole strategic thought of Du You had a very strong trunk and frail branches, and valued the internal factors while looking down upon the external factors. These thoughts were carried out in dealing with the relations between the royal court of Tang dynasty and the local administrations, and between Tang dynasty and the ethnic groups living in its border areas. As to the climate factor in the military activities, Du You＇s fundamental attitude was to follow such a factor and act according to it. As to the geographical factor, he claimed that the military activities should be in accordance with the terrain conditions, thus he proposed different military tactics. He thought highly of the effects of reading maps and using guidance. As to human factor, Du You attached special importance to the generals; therefore, he put forward certain standards of choosing a general such as being moderate, owning general characteristics etc. He thought that the core responsibilities of a general should be teaching and protecting his soldiers. The fundamental feature of Du You＇s military thoughts was pragmatism, and this was the reason why Bingdian of Tongdian laid emphasis on military strategies.