不同施肥模式对烤烟氮钾肥利用效率及产量和品质的影响

Effects of Different Fertilization Modes on Nitrogen and Potassium Use Efficiency,Yield and Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco

为解决梅州烤烟生产中氮钾肥利用效率低和不合理施肥技术造成的烟叶品质下降问题,在梅州平远研究了不同施肥模式下氮钾在土壤中的变化规律和烤烟中的积累、分配规律,比较了不同施肥模式氮钾肥利用效率以及烤后烟叶产量和品质,以期筛选出适宜梅州烟区的施肥模式。以云烟87为材料,设7个处理:1氮钾肥全部基施(对照,NK1);2氮钾肥用量为NK1的90%,50%基施、50%追施;3氮钾肥用量为NK1的70%,30%基施、70%追施;4基肥不施氮钾肥,追肥应用氮肥实时管理技术(Real-time nitrogen management,RTNM);5氮钾肥基肥用量为NK1的30%,追肥应用RTNM模式;6不施氮钾肥;7氮钾肥用量同NK1,不施有机肥。追肥应用RTNM技术的烟株氮、钾积累量更高。氮素和钾素在烟株的分配比例均为叶大于茎。烤烟移栽后追施氮肥和钾肥可提升其农学利用率、偏生产力、吸收利用率和收获指数;处理5的氮、钾肥农学利用率分别比对照高38.71%,37.99%,吸收利用率比对照高34.24%,27.52%。处理5的产量、产值最高,分别比对照高20.66%,28.39%,烤后B2F和C3F化学成分协调性好。氮钾肥为"基肥+RTNM追肥"的施肥模式氮、钾肥利用效率更高,产量和品质更好,适宜在梅州产区烟叶生产中应用。

In order to solve the problems existing in the production of flue-cured tobacco about low nitrogen and potassium use efficiency and inferior quality by unreasonable fertilizing technology,this project studied the change law of nitrogen and potassium in soil and the accumulation and distribution law in flue-cured tobacco and compared the use efficiency of nitrogen and potassium,yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco by different fertilization modes to filtrate a suitable fertilization mode for Meizhou tobacco production. The experiment with 7 treatments used fluecured tobacco variety Yunyan 87 as material. Seven treatments respectively were：①Use all nitrogen and potassium as base fertilizer（ control）; ②The amount of nitrogen and potassium is 90% of treatment ① and 50% use as base fertilizer,50% as topdressing; ③The amount of nitrogen and potassium is 70% of treatment ① and 30% use as base fertilizer,70% as topdressing; ④Base fertilizer without nitrogen and potassium and use real-time nitrogen man-agement technique（ RTNM） as topdressing; ⑤Use 30% of nitrogen and potassium of treatment 1 as base fertilizer,apply RTNM to topdressing; ⑥No nitrogen and potassium; ⑦The application of nitrogen and potassium is the same as treatment ① but without organic fertilizer; Topdressing by RTNM made nitrogen and potassium accumulation higher than other treatments. Allocation proportion of nitrogen and potassium in leaves was greater than stem in the aerial parts of tobacco. Compared with the control,top dressed nitrogen and potassium significantly improved the agronomic efficiency（ AE）,partial factor productivity（ PFP）,recovery efficiency（ RE） and harvest index（ HI） of nitrogen and potassium of flue-cured tobacco after transplanting; The comprehensive performance of fertilizer use efficiency in treatment⑤ was the best. Its AE of nitrogen and potassium were respectively 38. 71% and 37. 99%,and RE were respectively 34. 24% and 27. 52% higher than control. Treatment ⑤ achieved the highest yield and the output value and the yield and output value were respectively 20. 66% and 28. 39% higher than control. The chemical constituents of B2 F and C3 F in treatment ⑤ were suitable for all treatments. Nitrogen and potassium as ＂ basal＋ RTNM topdressing＂ achieved the highest use efficiency of nitrogen and potassium,higher yield and better quality and will be more suitable for application in the production of flue-cured tobacco in Meizhou.