耕层构造对春玉米产量形成及生长发育特征的影响

Effect of Plough Layer Constructions on Maize Growth and Yield in Western Liaoning Province

为了探明不同耕层构造对春玉米产量形成和生长发育特征的影响,在农业部阜新农业环境与耕地保育科学观测实验站长期定位试验,设置了虚实并存耕层、全实耕层、全虚耕层、上虚下实耕层(CK)4种耕层结构,利用2011-2014年数据研究了不同耕层构造对春玉米产量形成及生长发育特征的影响。结果表明,4年平均产量虚实并存耕层与上虚下实耕层和全实耕层差异显著,分别增产17.64%,6.79%。无论在枯水年还是丰水年,虚实并存耕层构造增产的主要原因是百粒质量的提高。在干旱年份,特别是2014年遭遇严重伏旱的情况下,全实耕层表现出了一定的增产效果;枯水年(2011年)和丰水年(2012年)单株干物质虚实并存耕层比上虚下实耕层分别增加7.19%,7.88%;在干旱年份(2011年)耕层构造并不能促进株高和茎粗的增加,丰水年苗期(2012年)能够促进茎粗的增加。2011,2012年SPAD全生育期平均值虚实并存耕层比上虚下实耕层分别增加2.66%,3.94%;在枯水年(2011,2014年)虚实并存耕层和全实耕层的光合速率高于上虚下实耕层,在丰水年(2013年)虚实并存耕层和全虚耕层的光合速率高于上虚下实耕层。综合分析认为,虚实并存耕层是提高春玉米产量和改善作物生长发育特征的最优耕层结构;研究结果可为辽西旱作农业区合理耕层构建、确定适宜的耕作技术和实现作物的高产稳产提供参考。

In order to explore the effect of plough layer construction on yield and growth characteristics of spring maize,four tillage methods,including furrow loose and ridge compaction plough layer（ FLRC）,all loose plough layer（ AL）,all compaction plough layer（ AC） and up loose and down compaction plough layer（ ULDC） for controlled trial,were carried out in a long-term experimental station of Fuxin from 2011 to 2014. Our result showed that 17. 64% and 6. 79% increases in four-year-averaged yield were observed under FLRC and AL than that under ULDC,respectively. For both arid year and wet year,the plough layer constructions of FLRC could improve the yield of spring maize due to the increase in hundred kernel weight. In arid year,especially extreme summer droughtof 2014,AC improved the yield. For the years of 2011 and 2012,the plant biomass under FLRC was 7. 19% and7. 88% higher than that under ULDC,respectively. In arid year（ 2011）,the effect of plough layer construction on height and stem-diameter of spring maize were not significant; Seedling stage of in wet year,however,the improved plough layer construction could promote the stem-diameter of spring maize. The averaged soil and plant analyzer development（ SPAD） value during growth period of 2011 and 2012 under FLRC was 2. 66% and 3. 94% higher than that under ULDC,respectively. In arid years（ 2011 and 2014）,the photosynthetic rate of spring maize under FLRC and AC were significantly higher than that under ULDC; in wet year（ 2013）,the plant photosynthetic rate under FLRC and AL were higher than that under ULDC. Consequently,FLRC is an efficient plough layer construction for improving yield and growth characteristics of spring maize. The results provide reference required for regulating plough layer construction and cultivation method and improving crop yield.