泰山国家祭祀史论

The History of National Sacrifice of Taishan

五岳之首的泰山在传统社会国家祭祀中,具有重要的地位。泰山国家祭祀肇始于先秦。西周建国之始,即展开泰山祭祀。随着西汉郊祀礼的改革,元始五年,泰山作为天下山岳的唯一代表,首次从祀于国家南北郊祀,这标志着泰山超越了地方性,成为国家山岳的代表性符号。从此,泰山国家祭祀形成了泰山所在地与京城两大系统。京城国家泰山祭祀包括从祀于郊祀、腊祭百神、专门祭祀等,所在地国家祭祀包括每年定期的常规祭祀与国有大事、遣官告祭等非常规祭祀,这一传统一直延续到清朝结束。1928年,中国国民党国民政府内政部颁发《神祠存废标准》,废止五岳四渎、碧霞元君信仰,泰山国家祭祀才明确画上了句号。

Taishan in traditional society of national sacrifice has an important position as the first of the five sacred mountains. The national sacrifice of Taishan originated from Pre - Qin dynasty and developed from the Western Zhou Dynasty. With the reform of the outskirts sacrifice ceremony in Western Han Dynasty , in the fifth year of Yuanshi, Taisban became the only representative of the mountains in the world for the first time only inferior to the national North and South outskirts sacrifice. This marks that Taishan had surpassed the local symbol, becoming the representative national alpine symbol. Since then, the national sacrifice of Taishan formed two systems： one is the location of Taishan; the other is the capital. The national sacrifice of Taishan in the capital contained outskirts sacrifice, sacrificial offering god and special sacrifice. The sacrifice in the lo- cation of Taishan included regular annual routine sacrifice and unconventional sacrifice of the state affairs and sending official sacrifice. This tradition had continued to the end of Qing dynasty. In 1928, The abolition standard of the shrine was issued by the Republic of China, which abolished the belief of five sacred mountains and four rivers, and Bixia Yuan Jun. Since then , The national sacrifice of Taishan had clearly ended.