中药丹参资源开发现代研究进展

Research progress on the resource development of Salvia miltiorrhiza

唇形科植物丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge.)是治疗心血管系统疾病的临床常用中药,主要含有两类有效成分:脂溶性的二萜醌类化合物和水溶性的酚酸类化合物,具有显著的抗菌消炎、抗血栓形成、抗心肌缺血、保肝及抗氧化作用。由于直接从丹参中提取有效成分纯度低、效率低,提取纯化困难,加之丹参资源有限,影响了临床用药质量和天然药物的开发与持续利用。为解决此问题,化学及分子生物学等多种现代技术手段应用到丹参资源质量及产量的提高中,并已取得不同程度的进展。本文从丹参活性成分的人工合成、生物技术手段的应用、次生代谢调控及次生代谢工程研究四个角度全面综述了丹参资源研究现状,为进一步推动丹参资源开发现代化进程提供借鉴。

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge is a traditional Chinese medicine commonly used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.It contains two kinds of effective ingredients：fat-soluble diterpene quinones and water-soluble phenolic compounds.It shows significant effects including anti-bacterial,anti-inflammatory,anti-dirombotic,hepato-protective,and antioxidant properties and protection against myocardial ischemia.However,extraction of active components from S.miltiorrhiza direcdy is challenging due to low purity.Furthermore,the limited material resources of S.miltiorrhiza affect its utility in clinical medicine and the sustainable exploitation of natural drugs.In order to overcome this challenge,chemistry,molecular biology and other scientific technologies are being explored to improve the yield and quality of S.miltiorrhiza,with considerable progress made to date.Firsdy,a variety of tanshinone and salvianolic acid compounds have been synthesized successfully from S.miltiorrhiza,while compounds such as tanshinone IIA have been structure-modified to improve solubility and bioavailability.Secondly,biological technologies such as induction of polyploidy,cell-suspension culture,and the induction of hairy-roots have been developed.Hairy root of S.miltiorrhiza,which is most widely used at present,can be manufactured on a large scale and harvested using a spherical gas-lifted bioreactor.Additionally,due to good genetic and chemical stability of the hairy root,it can be used as a research model for further development of S.miltiorrhiza.Thirdly,a variety of biotic and abiotic elicitors have been exploited for the study of effective components of S.miltiorrhiza,which have different effects on the plant.Appropriate combinations of these elicitors could further improve the yield of active components of S.miltiorrhiza.Finally,with the development of molecular biology,secondary metabolite engineering has become a new hotspot of medicinal plant research.5.miltiorrhiza is confirmed as a model to study terpenoid metabolism,with several breakthroughs reported in the biosynthesis of tanshinone compounds.Therefore,a key point for material resource development would be obtaining active components through genomic manipulation.In this paper,a comprehensive summary has been provided with regard to 4 aspects including the synthesis of active components of S.miltiorrhiza,the application of biological technology,the regulation of secondary metabolism,and secondary metabolite engineering.This paper summarizes previous successful attempts for further promotion of research on S.miltiorrhiza.