分工与优先次序——家庭视角下的乡村人口城镇化微观解释

LABOR DIVISION AND EXPENSE PRIORITY: MICROCOSMIC EXPLANATION OF RURAL POPULATION URBANIZATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF FAMILY

家庭既是观察人类个体行为特征的基本视角,也是观察人类整体行为规律的基本单元。以家庭为基本解释单元,能够较为真实、全面地观察中国城镇化的微观机制与逻辑。家庭单元城镇化行为的再生产性与双重理性,决定了乡村家庭的内部分工与支出优先次序。通过成员间的分工,家庭单元会充分配置有限资源,实现经济效益的最优化。通过家庭支出优先次序的安排,家庭单元会在可支付范围内优先满足家庭最为迫切和重要的需求,进而导致城镇公共服务发展与空间集聚特征的变化。分工与支出优先次序的存在及其在中国传统文化影响下所呈现的选择逻辑,是中国乡村城镇化不同于西方城镇化过程的重要方面,基于此建构中国乡村人口城镇化的微观解释框架更能接近传统中国的真实面貌。通过对武汉市域"半城镇化"现象的实证,从家庭策略、行为方式和空间表征三个维度表达中国逻辑下的乡村城镇化机制,基本验证了解释框架的有效性,并清晰地揭示了武汉市域基于代际分工的近距兼业模式,阐释了这一稳态模式的形成机理。

Family is a basic research perspective, from which we can observe characteristics of individual behavior. More than that, based on the family unit, we can capture rules of the whole social behavior. A basic family unit can explain the micro-mechanism and logic of urbanization in China, which constitutes a more truthful and comprehensive perspective. Reproduction and dual rationality determine that intra-household labor division and expense priority are the core mechanism of urbanization behavior in a family unit. On one side, through labor division among family members, a family unit could allocate limited resources adequately, promoting economic benefit optimization. On the other side, through expense priority, a family unit would satisfy the most pressing and important needs, thereby affecting the development of public services and changing the features of space agglomeration in towns. Labor division and expense priority, together with behavior logic derived from them which is affected by traditional Chinese culture, are two key points that differ rural population urbanization in China from Western urbanization, Based on them, we can construct a microcosmic explanatory framework of rural population urbanization in China, which can more truthfully reflect the real nature of traditional China. The empirical analysis about ＂semi- urbanization＂ in Wuhan illustrates the mechanism of rural population urbanization based on Chinese logic. From the three dimensions of family strategy, behavior pattern and spatial features, the study basically verifies the effectiveness of the explanatory framework. Meanwhile, it reveals a pattern of short- distance concurrent business in Wuhan that is based on labor division between generations, and illustrates the mechanism that forms such a stable pattern.