俄国学者关于俄国1861年农民改革的争论

The Controversies among Russian Scholars on the Russian Peasant Reform of 1861

1861年农民改革是俄国历史的转折点。尽管在过去的一个半世纪,有关改革的研究成果大量问世,但与农奴制废除相关的问题尚未完全解决,俄国学者因此而继续围绕这一问题展开争论。这些争论主要包括:农民改革的历史背景,尤其是改革前农奴制是否遭遇危机以及19世纪上半期农奴制危机的表现和成因;社会舆论尤其是俄国知识分子在何种程度上影响到政府的决策;沙皇、官僚、贵族在改革准备过程中的力量对比及作用;对改革总体评价的演变趋势以及改革对俄国社会经济和政治发展的具体影响。随着国内政治气候和学术环境的改善以及一系列国际学术会议的召开,俄国和西方学者逐渐密切交流、相互影响,不仅使研究课题呈现交叉态势,还促使俄国学者重新审视以往的研究方法,积极采用新的研究范式,推动相关研究的进一步开展。

Peasants Reform of 1861 w as a milestone in Russian history. Although research results on the reform w ere extensive during the past a century and a half,the problems relating to the abolishing of serfdom remain unsolved.Therefore,there have been a lot of controversies among Russian scholars on these problems. The controversies included the historical background to the reform,especially w hether the serfdom w as facing a crisis before the reform,and the actual forms and causes of the crisis during the first half of the 19 th century; w hat role have public opinion especially Russian intellectuals played in governmental policy-making; the relationship among the tsar,bureaucrats and nobility,and their respective roles,trends and issues in the overall evaluations of the reform,and the influences on the development of the society,economy and politics. With the improvement of domestic political climate and academic environment,and the convening of a series of academic conferences,Russian and Western scholars have gradually built closer relations and influenced each other. Not only did the changes make the research subjects overlap,but also they urged Russian scholars examine their obsolete research methods and then adopt new research theories,finally propelling the research forw ard.