海德格尔存在论源头新发现——邓·司各特的个体性理论

New Discovery of the Origin of Heidegger's Existentialism——Theory of Individuality of Duns Scotus

海德格尔主体性思想及存在论的源头在哪里?国内外学术界大致流行三种观点:一是胡塞尔源头论;二是布伦塔诺源头论;三是亚里士多德源头论。上述三种流行观点都有依据,但却忽略了一个对其影响深远的思想源头,那就是中世纪经院哲学家邓·司各特的个体性与单义性理论。最有力的文献学证据,即是1915年海德格尔本人发表的弗莱堡讲师资格论文《邓·司各特的范畴与意义理论》。在发掘司各特单义性理论的基础上,海德格尔通过将客观化的存在转化为此在,使逻辑学、形而上学与先验哲学被统摄在一个主体化与个体化的此在之中,将由衍生关系建立起来的先验存在结构转化为作为此在的先验视域与条件的时间结构,从而催生了《存在与时间》的诞生。

What is the origin of Heidegger ＇s subjective idea and Existentialism？ There are three popular ideas in domestic and foreign academic circle： first, Husserl; second Brentano; third, Aristotle.All the three are based on facts, but they all ignore an important origin, that is, religious philosopher Duns Scotus＇ individuality and monosemy of the Middle Ages. The most powerful evidence is Heidegger ＇s lecturer qualification paper Theory of the Domain and Significance of Duns Scotus. By discovering the theory of individuality of Duns Scotus, Heidegger transforms objective existence into Dasein so as to include logic, metaphysics and transcendental philosophy into Dasein with one subjectivity and individuality, which turns transcendental existential structure based on derivative relationship into a temporal structure of transcendental domain and condition, leading to the birth of Existence and Time.