异质性企业全要素生产率与要素配置效率——基于1999～2007年中国制造业企业微观数据的实证分析

Heterogeneous Enterprise Total Factor Productivity and Factor Allocation Efficiency

文章基于1998～2007年中国全部国有及规模以上制造业企业微观数据，使用OP法估算了企业全要素生产率TFP。通过对企业全要素生产率分布特点的深入研究，分析我国制造业要素配置效率的状况：2001年入世后，中国进入了全面快速的贸易自由化阶段，短期通过企业的退出和进入机制促进了要素在制造业行业内、企业间快速自由流动，要素配置效率提高，由此促进生产率提高。但是长期来看，贸易自由化没有促进要素配置效率的明显提高，有些行业甚至出现倒退。国有企业的生产率最低，主要原因在于国有企业要素配置效率最低，民营企业生产率居中，要素配置效率却是最高的，再次证实了民营经济是我国最为活跃的经济主体。出口企业比非出口企业有更高效的要素配置效率，因而生产率高于非出口企业，这跟Melitz（2003）的理论预期是一致的，不存在“生产率悖论”的现象。从东中西区域看，东部地区企业生产率均值最高，要素配置效率也最高，但区域之间的差距正在缩小。

Based on 1998 ~ 2007 micro data of China manufacturing enterprises,We estimate the total factor productivity( TFP) of heterogeneous enterprise by the OP method. We found and discussed the situation of manufacturing resource distribution efficiency through in-depth analysis of the heterogeneous enterprise TFP. After 2001,China has entered the phase of rapid trade liberalization. The production factors could flow freely and rapidly among enterprises within manufacturing industry,resource distribution efficiency had been promoted in the short run,which means the productivity had also been promoted. But in the long run,factor allocation efficiency has not been improved obviously by the trade liberalization,while some industries even have gone to reverse.The state-owned enterprises have the lowest TFP because of the lowest factor allocation efficiency,while resource distribution efficiency is the highest in private enterprises confirming that the private economy is the most active economic part in our national economy. The export enterprises are more efficient than the non-export enterprises in resource distribution efficiency,so their productivity is higher than that of non-export enterprises,which is consistent with Melitz theory,the phenomenon of ' productivity paradox' does not exist. The eastern region enterprises have the highest productivity and the highest resource distribution efficiency,but the gap between the regions are narrowing.