亚里士多德三段论理论的第四格问题

On the Three Definitions of Aristotle's Syllogisms

阅读《前分析篇》会发现亚里士多德把三段论的格分为三种,而中世纪以来的传统形式逻辑却认为三段论的格有四种,这就导致了亚里士多德三段论理论的第四格问题。基于对亚里士多德三段论格的划分依据、描述方式及其学科构想的考察,不仅可以揭示亚里士多德将三段论界定为三个格的原因,肯定其三格划分的严格无误,而且还可以进一步地发掘出导致亚里士多德确定其划分依据的原因及其原因背后的动机,从而使得我们可以由一个更为深远而新颖的视角,即亚里士多德的科学观以及古典公理演绎系统的视角,对之作出更为恰当而合理的评价。

After reading the Analytica Priora, we find that Aristotle classified the figure of syllogism into three classes. Consequently, it causes the problem of the forth figure of syllogism. Based on checking the criteria for the figure＇ s classification, the way of describing figures and his idea of constructing a discipline, we disclose the reason that Aristotle considers there are three figures and conforms that his classification is correct. Moreover, it can also explore the reasons why Aristotle decides his criteria for the figure＇ s classification, and all of these will be conducive to evaluate Aristotle＇ s syllogisms from the perspective of classical axiom system like Euclidean geometry.