“贵古贱今”批判的历史进程——从文学鉴赏观念到文学史形态

To Revere the Past and Despise the Present:A Critical Historical Progress,from Literature Appreciation Concept to Literary History Form

先秦时"贵古贱今"、"贵远贱近"为政治观念,孔子自称"好古",诸子有"法古"与否之争,都是以"贱今"、"贱近"为对立面的;对"贵古贱今"的批判最终演变为"变法"政策。汉代尊经重儒,"贵古"有了文本形态,"贵古贱今"、"贵远贱近"成为社会观念,并延展到文学领域。桓谭、王充的"贵古贱今"批判,从纠正社会风气出发,批判文学鉴赏中的"贵古贱今",为当代作家鼓吹;曹丕从张扬当代文学事业出发,批判"贵古贱今"而树"建安七子"为经典;葛洪的"贵古贱今"批判,从文采发展规律出发,宣扬文学的发展观。每个时代的"贵古贱今"批判,必定都推出其当代文学经典,各个时代的文学经典,构成文学史。此时,"贵古"、"贵远"以文学史形态取得合法、合理的地位。随着沈约《宋书·谢灵运传论》、刘勰《文心雕龙·时序》、钟嵘《诗品序》等著述中叙述甚或崇尚前代作品,"详远略近"成为规则。文学鉴赏的"贵古贱今"、"贵远贱近"问题,转化为是否"知文"、"知音"以对作品实事求是的理解的问题,文学发展也进入既继承传统"古之制裁"又开创"今之辞调"二者相辅相成的境地。

During the pre--Qin period, there is the political idea ＂to revere the past and despise the present＂.. Confucius claims ＂love of the ancient＂; the philosophers have the argument of whether ＂following examples of the ancients＂. All these are the opposite side of ＂despising the present＂. The criticism of the idea ＂to revere the past and despise the present＂ has ultimately evolved to ＂political reform＂ policies. In Han Dynasty, respecting Confucian classics won the day, and ＂to revere the past＂ has its text form. ＂To revere the past and despise the present＂ has become a social concept and extend to literary field. Heng Tan and Wang Chong^s criticism of ＂revering the past and despising the present＂ is to rectify the social morality. They criticized ＂revering the past and despising the present＂ in literature appreciation which is advocated by contemporary writers. Cao Pi criticized ＂revering the past and despising the present＂ to develop contemporary literary and established ＂Seven Scholars of Jian＇ an＂ as classics. Ge Hong criticized ＂revering the past and despising the present＂ from the perspective of literary development rule to publicize the literature development view. The criticism Of ＂revering the past and despising the present＂ in each era will undoubtedly bring contemporary literary classics and thus form the history of literary. To ＂revere the past＂ hag obtained its reasonable and legitimate position in the literary history form. It has become a rule to elaborate the past and outline the present as previous works were narrated or even upheld in Book of Song--Biography of Xie Lingyun by Shen Yue; The Literary Mind and Carving of Dragons--Time Sequence by Liu Xie; Shih--Pin Prefaces by Zheng Rong. ＂Revering the past and despising the present＂ in literature appreciation has transformed into ＂understanding the text＂ and ＂to become a bosom friend of the writer＂ in order to grasp the true meaning of the work. Thus, the literary development has entered a phase of not only inherit the ＂traditional rule＂ but also create ＂today＇s tune＂.