基于支付意愿的大气PM2.5健康经济学损失评价

Health economic loss evaluation of ambient PM2.5 pollution based on willingness to pay

目的采用支付意愿（WTP）法对北京市PM2.5的健康经济学损失进行初步评价,将以调查结果的WTP值为基础计算的健康经济学损失与已有数据进行对比和讨论。方法于2014年采用条件价值评估法（contingent valuation method,CVM）,调查北京市海淀区、朝阳区、西城区722名居民对大气污染健康风险的WTP,选取死亡为健康终点,核算北京市居民统计学意义上的生命价值（VOSL）和大气PM2.5的健康损害成本。结果有65.4%（472/722）的调查对象愿意为降低大气环境污染健康风险支付费用,其WTP值为100～200元/人,居民VOSL为66.7万元～133.3万元。2011年北京市大气PM2.5污染对非意外总死亡、呼吸系统及循环系统疾病死亡的环境损害成本分别为27.11亿元～54.19亿元、3.22亿元～6.43亿元、8.11亿元～16.21亿元,分别占该市该年GDP总量的0.17%～0.33%,0.02%～0.04%和0.05%～0.10%。结论可采用CVM调查大气污染健康风险的WTP,并评估大气污染的健康损失成本。

Objective To investigate the willingness to pay（WTP） for the health benefits of the exposed population from air pollution reduction in Beijing, estimate the health economic loss by value of statistic life（VOSL） and calculate the health economic loss of ambient PM2.5 pollution against the exposed population in Beijing. Methods The self-designed survey questionnaire of willingness to pay for air pollution of Beijing based on principles of contingent valuation method（CVM）, 722 residents were recruited in Haidian, Chaoyang and Xicheng districts respectively as the research subjects and the mortality was used as the health endpoint, CVM was applied to investigate the willingness to pay to reduce environmental health risk of air pollution of Beijing citizens. Then value of statistical life（VOSL） of Beijing citizens was calculated, transformation of environmental cost from the deaths caused by ambient PM2.5 pollution was done according to exposure-response data of ambient PM2.5 of existing research, finally the health economic loss of death endpoint caused by ambient PM2.5 pollution was determined in Beijing. Results 65.4%（472/722） of the subjects were willing to pay for reducing health risk of air pollution in Beijing, where the value of their WTP was RMB 100-200 Yuan per person. VOSL for health risk of air pollution was RMB0.667 million Yuan-1.333 million Yuan. The environmental harm cost of ambient PM2.5 pollution in 2011 Beijing including total non-accidental death, respiratory disease death and circulatory disease death were RMB 2.711 billion Yuan-5.419 billion Yuan,0.322 billion Yuan-0.643 billion Yuan,0.811 billion Yuan-1.621 billion Yuan, which accounted for 0.17%-0.33%,0.02%-0.04% and 0.05%-0.10% of GDP respectively. Conclusion CVM is one of the methods to do survey on WTP for air pollution and to evaluate health economic loss.