清代刑部司官的选任、补缺与差委

Officials' Selection,Appointment and Accreditation of Officials in the Ministry of Justice in Qing Dynasty

清代以刑部为"天下刑名之总汇",刑部司官的法律专业化水准于国家治安干系重大。雍正及乾隆初年,刑部内推动了一系列人事制度改革,司官的选任、补缺方式、差委情况均发生变化。在此之后,刑部司官的入部年龄降低,在部时间延长。司官的部内地位在"缺"和"差"的双重作用下赫然分为两个阶层,堂官对司官仕途的决定权越来越大。初入刑部的年轻司官为了获得堂官的赏识,在部内"日治案牍夜读律"。他们努力弥补入仕前法律专业知识不足的缺陷,使刑部的法律专业化水准迅速提升。

As the core authority handling criminal affairs, the specialization level of officials in the Ministry of Justice, greatly determined the public security of the entire country. There were significant changes within the Ministry during the Yongzheng and the early Qianlong reigns, including personnel management such as the selection, appointment and accreditation of officials. Afterwards, the age of officials who entered Ministry decreased and tenure in the ministry was extended. A combination of substitutions and assignment effectively divided officials into two classes. The promotion of officials was increasingly controlled by the chief officials in ministry. In order to be appreciated, young officials tried cases during the day, and studied legal knowledge at night. These efforts made up for what had been a lack of professionalism, and level of specialization of the Ministry officials greatly improved.