区域旅游交通碳排放测度模型及实证分析

Estimation model of carbon dioxide emissions by regional tourism transportation and empirical analysis of Nanjing and Huangshan cities,China

交通是旅游业发展的基础,旅游交通的碳排放是旅游业碳排放的主体部分。合理配置区域旅游交通是旅游业可持续发展的重要保障。从区域的角度出发,构建区域旅游交通碳排放测算模型,并以南京市和黄山市为例进行分析。研究发现:(1)区域经济和旅游发展水平是影响旅游交通碳排放的重要因素,且经济发展水平和旅游发展水平对旅游交通碳排放"贡献"的大小和方向不同;(2)区域旅游交通碳排放主要在区外,区内比例较小。2008至2012年,南京市旅游交通碳排放中区外部分所占比例平均达到89.13%,黄山市平均达到90.21%,两城市区外与区内部分之比均约为9∶1;(3)区域旅游交通碳排放结构中,民航所占比重最大,其次是公路和铁路,区域交通结构的优化有利于旅游交通碳排放的减少;(4)区域各类交通方式中,外部交通的碳排放中旅游业的贡献较大,而城市内部交通的碳排放中旅游业的贡献较小。

Transportation is the foundation of the tourism industry ; yet, transportation accounts for a significant amount of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by the tourism industry. Among the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide is the main contributor to global warming. Implementing environmentally friendly regional transportation is essential to promote the sustainability of tourism. Scientific designed, low-carbon emission and green transportation represent great opportunities and challenges to tourism. Thus, the analysis of carbon dioxide emissions by tourism transportation presents an urgent theoretical and practical problem. Carbon dioxide emissions by regional tourism transportation include two components： a tourism part and a non-tourism part. The key and difficult step of this research is how to separate the tourism emission part from the total carbon dioxide emissions of regional tourism transportation. From a top-down perspective, this study constructed a model to estimate the carbon dioxide emissions of regional tourism transportation, and made an empirical comparison between Nanjing and Huangshan cities, with the former city containing more economic and tourism development than the latter. It was found that regional economic and tourist development levels represent important factors that influence the carbon dioxide emissions of tourism transportation. The sizes and orientations of the contribution of regional economic and tourist development levels differed. The carbon dioxide emissions from tourism transportation in Nanjing were 9.72×10^5t and 1.33×10^5t in Huangshan during 2012. In parallel, regional economic and tourism influenced carbon dioxide emissions from tourism transportation, which were related to the regional development level. The elasticity coefficient of the economy to carbon dioxide emissions from regional tourism transportation in Nanjing was greater than that of tourism. In contrast, the opposite trend was documented in Huangshan, with an elasticity coefficient of more than 1. The average per capita carbon dioxide emissions of tourism transportation in Nanjing and Huangshan were 10.09 kg and 3.31 kg from 2009 to 2012. It was also found that the carbon dioxide emissions of regional tourism transportation had a significant effect on the inter-region, where most carbon dioxide emissions occurred. From 2008 to 2012, an annual average of 89.13% and 90.21% carbon dioxide emissions by tourism transportation occurred in the inter-region of Nanjing and Huangshan, respectively. In the structure of tourist carbon dioxide emissions by different types of regional transport modes, the civil aviation, highway, and railway had the greatest quantity of emissions, while tourism carbon dioxide emissions by different types of regional transport modes increased to differing degrees. To optimize the structure of regional tourism transportation, it is better to cut down carbon dioxide emissions from regional tourism transportation. Statistical analysis showed that the diversity index of tourism carbon dioxide emissions from regional types of transport modes were higher in Nanjing compared to Huangshan. Yet, the composite carbon emissions indexes were the opposite. In all types of regional transport modes, external transportation contributed more to tourism than internal transportation. When taking the railway and civil aviation as examples, these two transport modes contributed 30% and 40%, respectively However, there were also differences among regions and improve the allocation of city transportation to reduce , in Nanjing and over 60% and 80%, respectively, in Huangshan. periods. The government should take policy effectively to adjust and tourism carbon dioxide emissions of transportation. The society, economy, and tourism would be much more sustainable by implementing special planning for city transportation and designing special tour lines for urban traffic