星云湖径流区马铃薯控肥技术对产量及肥料利用率的影响

Effects of Controlled Potato Fertilizer Application Technology on Yield and Fertilizer Utilization Efficiency in Runoff Area of Xingyun Lake

针对星云湖径流区马铃薯生产中,农户施肥过量导致土壤养分残余量增加、资源浪费、环境污染以及生态失衡,特别是对湖泊水质产生影响的实际问题,采用田间小区试验与室内检测分析的方法开展了不同施肥的试验研究。结果表明,冬作马铃薯施N量300~600 kg/hm2,块茎产量及N肥的吸收利用率、农学利用率、偏生产力,均随着施N量增加而下降,以施N量300 kg/hm2的最高,分别为56278.5 kg/hm2、64.3%、108.0 kg/kg、186.2 kg/kg;施P2O5量75 kg/hm2与施P2O5量150 kg/hm2的马铃薯块茎产量基本接近（分别为55173.0、55911.8 kg/hm2）,但马铃薯P肥的吸收利用率、农学利用率及偏生产力,均以施P2O5量75 kg/hm2的最高,分别为15.5%、40.5 kg/kg、711.0 kg/kg;同样施K2O量150 kg/hm2与施K2O量300 kg/hm2的马铃薯产量差异较小（分别为55173.0、55911.8 kg/hm2）;施肥方法以基肥＋1次追肥的植株N、P、K吸收量最高,产量也最高。星云湖径流区冬作马铃薯控氮减磷施肥技术：施N 300~450 kg/hm2、P2O575~105 kg/hm2、K2O 150~225 kg/hm2为宜（对于前作为水稻或肥力差的田块可采用施肥结构的上限）;基肥施用比例N、P2O5、K2O分别占70%、100%、70%,均匀撒施于播种沟（肥料不能与种薯接触）,余下肥料于现蕾期前兑水浇施。研究结果已应用于当地的冬马铃薯生产,实现了高产高效,同时削减了农田氮磷流失量,对星云湖水治理及保护具有重要意义。

In the light of realistic problems such as increased residual amount of soil nutrient, wasting of resources, environmental pollution, ecological imbalance and especially lake water quality, which were caused by excessive fertilization in the production of potato in the runoff area of XingTun Lake, field plot trials and indoor detection and analysis were conducted to study the effects of different potato fertilizer application technologies on the yield and fertilizer utilization efficiency. The results showed that the yield of potato stem tuber, recovery efficiency, agronomic utilization efficiency and partial factor productivity of nitrogen were decreasing with increasing nitrogen application amount when nitrogen was applied between 300 kg/hm2 and 600 kg/hm2, and they had the highest values of 56278.5 kg/hm2, 64.3%, 108.0 kg/kg and 186.2 kg/kg with the nitrogen application amount of 300 kg/hm2, respectively. The yield of potato stem tuber were nearly the samewhen P2O5 was applied by 75 kg/hm2 or 150 kg/hm2, with yield values of 55173.0 kg/hm2 and 55911.8 kg/hm2, respectively, but recovery efficiency, agronomic utilization efficiency and partial factor productivity of phosphorus were the highest when the application of P2O5 was 75 kg/hm2, which were 15.5%, 40.5 kg/kg and 711.0 kg/kg, respectively. Also, no obvious difference in the yield of potato stem tuber was showed when K2O was applied by 150 kg/hm2 or 300 kg/hm2, with yield values of 55173.0 kg/hm2 and 55911.8 kg/hm2, respectively. Only when fertilizers were applied in the form of base fertilizers and with one time topdressing, absorption amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in plant and the potato yield were the maximum. The fertilization technology of controlling nitrogen and reducing phosphorus in winter potato production in runoff area of Xingyun Lake was applying nitrogen by 300-450 kg/hm2, P2O5 by 75-105 kg/hm2 and K20 by 150- 225 kg/hm2, and the toplimit fertilizer amount could be adopted when soil nutrient was poor. Additionally, the base fertilizers of nitrogen, P2O5 and K2O were applied in the way of broadcasted sowing ditch by the percentage of 70%, 100% and 70%, respectively. The other base fertilizers were applied with water in budding stage. These research results have been applied to local potato production, they could not only achieve high yield and high efficiently, but also reduce the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus, making for anti-pollution and protection of water quality in Xingyun Lake.