西藏东部牧民对藏药植物山莨菪的传统利用及环境适应意义（英文）

Indigenous Knowledge and Use of Anisodus tanguticus in Pastoral Communities of Eastern Tibet,China,and Its Implications for Local Adaptation

野生植物资源及相关传统知识是传统人类社会应对自然灾害的重要基础。在西藏东部地区,传统藏药植物山莨菪(Anisodus tanguticus)是当地牧民防御冬季低温灾害对牲畜造成伤害的一种重要的植物资源。本文采用半结构访谈法和参与式观察法,对7个村13个关键信息员,以及2个村以畜牧为主的牧户进行了访谈调查。对牧民秋季收割山莨菪地上枯枝部分以备冬季饲喂家畜作为防御冬季雪灾和冷害等传统知识和实践进行了记载。针对山莨菪含剧毒的问题,牧民采取严格控制采收时间和饲喂对象的方法来解决。当地社区积累了关于山莨菪生长习性、用法、功效等方面较为完整的知识,并通过对其权属进行民间界定,实现了对资源的良性管理。这一案例表明:人类在与自然长期互动的过程中所产生和积累的传统知识能够为其防御自然灾害,降低气候风险起关键性作用。

Wild plant resources and related indigenous knowledge often play important role in facilitating human so- cieties to mitigate the impacts of natural disasters and climate variability. We present a case study of using a tradi- tional herb, Anisodus tanguticus, in a novel way by local pastoralists on the eastern Tibetan Plateau in coping with extreme winter events. Interviews of 13 key informants were carried out in seven villages, and in-depth household surveys were conducted in two villages covering all the pastoral-dependent households. Participatory observation has also been employed. We found that local herders applying dried above ground part of A. tanguticus as a supplementa- ry feed to livestock in winter, with the purpose of helping animals to overcome cold events and snow disasters. Ac-coming to local communities, time of harvesting and type of animal to be fed are key factors of using this toxic plant. Local communities have accumulated a rich repository of knowledge about A. tanguticus, including its habitat, life history, uses, and health enhancing effects. They developed an informal tenure system and benign management prac- tices on this plant. This paper demonstrates that indigenous knowledge evolved from long-term human-nature interac- tion is important in preventing climate induced damages and lowering the risk aroused from climate uncertainties.