动作和能量代谢视角下静水皮划艇项目特征研究

Characteristics of Canoe Sprint from Perspectives of Movement and Energetics

人体运动是将生物能转化为机械能的过程,这一过程的外在特征和内在特征分别是动作和能量代谢。本研究分别从动作和能量代谢的角度分析静水皮划艇的项目特征。动作方面,静水皮划艇主要需要骨盆前倾和胸椎旋转的灵活性,腰椎和肩胛肌的稳定性,以及髋主导(划艇)/膝主导(皮艇)的下肢发力,肩主导(而非肘主导)的上肢发力以及躯干的旋转发力。能量代谢方面,静水皮划艇短距离是无氧供能主导,长距离是有氧供能主导。短距离项目需要重点发展肌肉的横断面,长距离项目需要重点发展有氧能力。动作和能量代谢视角下的静水皮划艇训练强调以动作技术为载体,注重动作的灵活性、稳定性和功能化来发展这一项目所需要的能量供应能力。

Human exercise is a process of transferring the biological energy into mechanical energy, the external and internal characteristics of which are movement and energetics, respectively. This paper analyzed the characteristics of canoe sprint from the perspectives of movement and energetics. Regarding the movement, canoe sprint is one sport which primarily needs the mobility of pelvis forward tilt and the thoracic rotation, the stability of lumbar vertebrae and the scapula, and the hip-dominant movement with lower-extremity （in canoeing）, the knee-dominant movement with lower-extremity （in kayaking）, the shoulder dominant （instead of elbow-dominant） in upper-extremity movement,as well as the the rotational movement of trunk. In terms of energetics, the short-distance events of ca- hoe sprint are anaerobic-dominant, while the long-distance events are aerobic-dominant. When it comes to training, the short-distance events need more emphasis on developing the muscular hypertrophy, while the long-distance events more on the aerobic capability. The perspectives of movement and energetics highlight the fact that the development of energy systems in canoe sprint should be based on the movement/technique of canoe sprint, which is comprised of mobility, stability, as well as funtionalization.