“直接行动”:“新文化运动”的一种展开方式——后五四时期陈独秀的思想演进与《新青年》同人的分化

“Direct Action”:A Perspective on How the New Culture Movement Develops——The evolvement of Chen Duxiu's Thought in Post-May Fourth Era and the Division of New Youth

1919年陈独秀自北京大学离职,次年南下上海,从此在思想与实践中更为深入地介入了现实政治。陈独秀的这一选择,与他在"五四"落潮以后对于"新文化运动"的展开方式以及未来走向的探索直接相关。此时的陈独秀强调"新文化运动"应从前一阶段的文化领域扩展到更为广阔的社会领域,以此纳入更多阶层的参与。而如何将被启蒙意识发现的"群众"组织起来作为一种新的历史主体,也就成为了他首先需要解决的问题。陈独秀认为,"直接行动"是其中的必由之路,而他对于共产主义的接受,正是在这一背景中展开的。由此导致的《新青年》同人在"谈/不谈政治"等问题上的分歧,以及最终的分化,实为两种不同的"新文化运动"方案的具体呈现。

Chen Duxiu resigned from Peking University in 1919 and then left for Shanghai next year. He has since got involved in the political affairs more deeply, both in thought and practice. His such change has attracted extensive attention, due to its relevance to the culture and politics of China hereafter. Chen Duxiu emphasized that the New Culture Movement ought to expand from the culture field to the larger social realm to incorporate people of all ranks and classes. Then comes the urgent problem for him： how to organize the enlightened mass and make them new historical subjects. Chen Duxiu maintained that the route of ＂direct action＂ was bound to be chosen, and it was in this milieu that Chen Duxiu came to embrace the communism and because of this the colleagues of New Youth were divided on the such issues as ＂discuss politics or not＂, leading to the ultimate division of New Youth. Actually, the division mirrored the fundamental differences between two blueprints of New Culture Movement.