1Flannery O' Connor, Mystery and Manners (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1970).
2Caroline Gordon, How to Read a Novel( New York : Viking, 1957 ).
3Wilbers, The Iowa Writers' Workshop.
4Robert Dana. A Community of Writer: Paul Engle and the Iowa Writers' Workshop ( Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1999).
5Paul Engle. On Creative Writing( New York : E. P. Dutton, 1964).
6Paul Engle, Hualing Nieh Engle. Writing From the World: Poetry, Fiction and Criticism in translation and in original English by Members of the International Writing Program from the first Ten Years of Its Life( Iowa City: University of Iowa Press,1976).
7The Program Era: postwar fiction and the rise of creative writing中文译本《创意写作:战后美国文学的“系统时代”》.2011年,广西师范大学出版社出版.
8Mark McGurl. 2009. The Program Era: postwar fiction and the rise of creative writing. London: Harvard University Press.
9Norman Foerster, "The Study of Letters", Literry Scholarship: Its Aims and Methods( Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1941 ), 26 -27.
10Engle. Midland: Twenty -five Years of Fiction and Poetry Selected from the Writing Workshops of the State University of Iowa( New York: Random House, 1961 ) ,xxv.
