低维超导的实验进展

Recent experimental progress in low-dimensional superconductors

超导自发现以来,已成为凝聚态物理领域最重要的方向之一.近年来,低维材料制备技术的进步使得一维或二维的超导特性实验研究成为可能.本文在简要介绍超导现象的基础上,重点回顾了近些年二维超导薄膜和一维超导纳米线的制备和电输运研究,以及在低维超导体中发现的相移、近邻效应、铁磁超导相互作用和高温超导等新奇的现象,并对该领域的进一步发展做出了展望.

Superconductivity is one of the most important research fields in condensed matter physics. The rapid development of material preparation technology in last few years has made the experimental study of low-dimensional physical superconducting properties feasible. This article gives a brief introduction on superconductivity and technology of lowdimensional material fabrication, and mainly focuses on the experimental progress in electrical transport studies on oneand two-dimensional superconductors, especially the results from our group. As for one-dimensional superconductivity,we review the superconductivities in single crystal Bi nanowires, crystalline Pb nano-belts, and amorphous W nanobelts,and the proximity effects in superconducting nanowires, metallic nanowires, and ferromagnetic nanowires. Surface superconductivity is revealed for crystalline Bi nanowire. The step-like voltage platforms in V-I curves are observed in Pb nano-belts and may be attributed to phase slip centers. Besides, vortex glass（VG） phase transition is discovered in amorphous W nano-belts. Inverse proximity effect is detected in crystalline Pb nanowires with normal electrodes,and proximity induced mini-gap is found in crystalline Au nanowire with superconducting electrodes. Furthermore, in crystalline ferromagnetic Co nanowire contacted by superconducting electrodes, unconventional long range proximity effect is observed. As for two-dimensional superconductivity, we review the superconductivities in Pb thin films on Si substrates, 2 atomic layer Ga films on GaN substrates, and one-unit-cell thick FeSe film on STO substrates grown by molecular beam epitaxy（MBE） method. By both in situ scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy and ex situ transport and magnetization measurements, the two-atomic-layer Ga film with graphene-like structure on wide band-gap semiconductor Ga N is found to be superconducting with Tc up to 5.4 K. By direct transport and magnetic measurements,the strong evidences for high temperature superconductivities in the 1-UC FeSe films on insulating STO substrates with the onset Tc and critical current density much higher than those for bulk Fe Se are revealed. Finally, we give a summary and present a perspective on the future of low dimensional superconductors.