文化产品致害的归责基础与制度构造

Liability Foundation and Institutional Structure of the Cultural Products Infringement

不同于普通有形产品,文化产品致害的归责性判断,需要在文化创意自由、文化产业发展和消费安全之间进行多元价值权衡,经验层面可根据不同消费群体,对文化产品致害的归责体系进行二元划分。在制度层面,现行法上的"产品责任"虽然为文化产品致害案件提供了解决思路,但缺乏弹性的"产品缺陷"概念不足容纳文化产品背后的多元价值权衡,因而其适用范围有限;过错责任一般条款又因过于抽象而无法直接显示出权益保护与创意自由之间的裁量方向;不过,"保护他人之法律"的存在,为文化产品背后的多元价值权衡提供了裁量平台,解释论上可以将违反保护他人之法律的事实与过错责任构成要件相关联,借此将立法者预设在"保护他人之法律"中的价值判断纳入侵权法,同时发挥责任抗辩制度的平衡作用,防止权益保护过度压制创意自由的空间。

Unlike ordinary tangible products,the imputability of cultural products infringement need to trade- off among multiple social values as follows： creative freedom,cultural industry developing policy and consumer safety. The doctrine of imputability can be divided into binary system according to different consumer groups in empirical research. Product liability system on the existing law provides one of the legal solutions for the cases of cultural products infringement. But the legal concept of ＂ product defect＂ is so inflexible that it can not accommodate the multiple social values and its conflict hidden in the cultural products. Therefore,the system of product liability can only used in the area of purely practical cultural products. At the same time,the general provision of fault liability in Tort Law of PRC is too abstract to show the discretionary direction between rights / benefits protection and the freedom of culture creation. However, ＂ protective law in statutes＂ provides a platform which can be used for weighing the multiple social values,such as rights / benefits protection and the freedom of culture creation. As an interpretive countermeasure,we need to establish a legal connection between the fact of breach of statutory duty and the constitutive requirements of the general fault liability. In this way,the value judgments which are preinstalled in ＂ protective law in statutes＂ may be included in tort law,and moreover,the defense system in tort law will balance the freedom of culture creation and the rights / benefits protection.