论“与民争利”之“民”与“利”——以《史记·货殖列传》《盐铁论》的讨论为中心

On the“People”and“Benefit”in“to Get Benefit against People”——Centered on Salt and Iron Discussed in Shi Ji Huo Zhi Lie Zhuan and Yan Tie Lun

汉武帝推行的封禁山川、盐铁官营、均输平准等经济政策,短期内缓解了国家对外战争造成的财政亏空,但行至昭帝时,已招致民怨沸腾。司马迁曾以"最下者与之争"来批评这一系列的经济政策;参加"盐铁会议"的贤良文学派也明确要求政府解弛山川之禁,"勿与民争利"。所谓"民",不可理解为包括农民群体在内的普通民众,而是针对汉初以来新崛起的工商业者阶层而言;所言"利",表面理解可泛指民众生活所仰给的天材地利,深入检视则相对国家经济基础而论——儒家传统始终坚持政府应以税赋为国利之渊薮,不应该通过垄断一般商业市场获利。司马迁和贤良文学派的经济主张,在汉代经济思想史上可谓一脉相承,都倾向于汉初以来新兴的工商业者阶层。

The economic policies implemented by Emperor Han Wu such as forbidding mountains,officials managing salt and iron,and governing prices and so on eased the fiscal deficit caused by the war in a short term,but when it came to the Emperor Zhao,the policies incurred popular discontent. Sima Qian once criticized the series of economic policies,xianliang literary school joining the ＂salt and iron meeting＂also asked the government to set free the mountains and not to get benefit against people. The so- called ＂people＂can not be regarded as the ordinary people,including farmers,but the new class rising in the industry and commerce; the ＂benefit＂,superficially refers to survival materials people needed,fatherly to the national economic foundation—— the Confucian tradition always adhered that government should get benefit from tax,not from monopolizing commercial market. In the early Han Dynasty,Sima Qian and xianliang literary school’s economic proposals were with the same strain and stood on the side of the new class of industry and commerce.