中国傩的源生与流变考论

A Study on Origin and Evolution of Chinese Nuo

对中国傩的源生与流变问题的探讨,有助于我们深入理解傩的文化内涵和学术意义。中国傩源起于自然崇拜,""的初始原型当为禳星祈福的女巫,是远古星宿崇拜的一种反映。禳星祈福的女巫是古代方相氏的最初形貌。中国傩在距今约二万年前甚至更早时期便有可能产生。傩由北向南迁移与图腾崇拜有关,""与"隹""鸟"的结合是太阳、鸟图腾崇拜的历史印证,是稻作农耕文化的内在要求。驱""巫仪是鬼神崇拜的产物,方相氏在驱""仪式中以巫的角色担负着驱疫恶鬼禳解邪祟的使命。道教、佛教的兴起与发展丰富了中国傩舞、傩仪的形式与内容,促进了傩戏的产生。

A probe into the origin and evolution of Chinese Nuo helps understand its cultural connotation and academic significance. Chinese Nuo originates from nature worship. The prototype of （Nuo） is a blessing witch, that reflects the constellation worship in remote antiquity. The witch is the initial morphology of Fangxiangshi. Chinese Nuo probably came into being about twenty thousand years ago or even earlier. The transfer of Nuo from north to south is related to the totem worship. The combination of （ Nuo ）, 隹 （ Zhui ） and＂ 鸟＂ （ Niao ） is the historical identification of solar and bird totem worship, and the intrinsic requirements of rice growing and farming culture. The exorcism ceremony is the outcome of spirits worship, in which Fangxiangshi, as a witch, assumes the mission to expel evil spirits. The rise and development of Taoism and Buddhism enriches the forms and content of Chinese Nuo ceremony and Nuo dance, and promotes the emergence of Nuo Opera.