机器人辅助腹腔镜手术治疗复杂性肾结石的临床研究

Clinical study of robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery for the treatment of complex nephrolithiasis

目的 探讨机器人辅助腹腔镜手术治疗肾铸型结石等复杂性结石的临床疗效及安全性.方法 回顾性分析2010年3月至2015年1月收治的31例复杂性肾结石患者的临床资料,男20例,女11例.年龄26～73岁,平均47岁.16例结石位于肾下盏同时伴有输尿管结石,其中7例伴有肾盂输尿管连接处梗阻（UPJO）,且盏部结石离输尿管连接处较远;9例为双肾多发结石;3例为肾铸型结石;3例为先天性重复肾伴肾盂肾盏结石.结石最大径15 ～ 78 mm,平均33 mm.术前超声检查示19例伴有明显的肾盂分离,大小12 ～ 62 mm,平均33 mm.术前血肌酐96.8 ～ 284.5 μmol/L,平均172.4 μmol/L.3例铸型结石患者术前患侧肾小球滤过率为18.5 ～ 30.4 ml/min,平均23.8 ml/min.31例均行经腹腔途径机器人辅助腹腔镜手术治疗,包括机器人辅助腹腔镜下切开取石术＋肾盂输尿管成形术、机器人辅助腹腔镜下肾实质切开取石术和机器人辅助腹腔镜下肾盂切开取石术＋重复肾成形术.结果 本组31例手术均顺利完成,无中转开放手术.手术时间（达芬奇机器人控制台所记录时间）45 ～128 min,平均64 min.术中出血量10 ～400 ml,平均80 ml.术后住院时间4～11d,平均6d.术后引流量20 ～180 ml,平均60 ml.引流管拔除时间2～7d,平均4d.导尿管拔除时间3～8d,平均5d.术后未出现气胸、肠道损伤、尿源性脓毒血症或高热等严重并发症.7例伴UPJO者术后利尿性肾图检查结果示梗阻得到明显改善或完全治愈.随访时间2 ～ 27个月,平均7个月.复查腹部X线片示29例手术侧无结石残留;2例有结石残留,结石最大径平均为4.2 mm,上尿路通畅,无积水,术后3个月行体外冲击波碎石术治愈.本组31例均于术后1个月随访,血肌酐88.4 ～ 126.5μmol/L,平均96.5 μmol/L;3例铸型结石患者手术侧肾小球滤过率36.5 ～ 45.7 ml/min,平均41.3ml/min.结论 机器人辅助腹腔镜手术可作为铸型结石等复杂性肾结石患者较优的可选手术方式.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery for the treatment of complex nephrolithiasis.Methods The retrospective analysis of 31 cases of robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery for the treatment of complex nephrolithiasis was carried out.20 of these patients were male,while the others were female.The average age of these patients was 47 years, ranged from 26-73.Sixteen patients had calculi located both in subrenal calyx and ureter, 7 cases of them had ureteropelvic junction obstruction while the subrenal calyx calculus were far away from ureteropelvic junction.Out of the total 31 cases, 9 were multiple renal calculi, 3 were staghorn calculi, 3 were congenital renal malformation with staghorn calculi.The average diameter of calculi was 33 mm, ranged from 15 to 78.19 cases had obvious pelvic separation presented by pre-operative ultrasonography, average 33 mm, ranged from 12 to 62 mm.All the cases were performed by robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery transperitoneally.Results All operations were successful without converting to laparoscopy or open surgery.The average operative time （robotic console time） was 64 min, ranged from 45 to 128 min.The average estimated blood loss during operation was 80 ml, ranged from 10-400 ml.The length of post-operative hospital stay were 4-11 days, average 6 days.The average removal time of drainage was 4 days, ranged from 2 to 7 days.There was no severe complications after operation.The diuretic renogram showed that the obstruction in patients with UPJO was cured or significantly improved.The average follow-up time was 7 months （ranged from 2 to 27 months）.Post-operative KUB X-ray showed no residual calculi in 29 patients.The average value of serum creatinine （Cr） was 96.5 μmol/L （ranged from 88.4 to 126.5 μmol/L） in one month post-operative follow-up.The glomerular filtration rates of affected side recovered to 36.5-45.7 ml/min, average 41.3 ml/min, in those 3 patients who had staghorn calculi.Conclusion Robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery may provide an excellent alternative option in the treatment of complex nephrolithiasis.