鲜卑“毁器”葬俗研究

Researches on the "Damaged objects" Characteristics and Unearthed from Xianbei Burials

鲜卑是我国一个古老的北方民族,主要活跃于两汉及魏晋北朝时期。其部属主要有拓跋、慕容、宇文和段四部。对于鲜卑的研究,自近代以降,历史学方面发端于20世纪30年代,这方面的代表为林慧祥的《中国民族史》和日本学者白鸟库吉的《东胡民族考》中的相关内容。而考古学方面的研究则肇始于20世纪30年代日本学者赤崛英三和江上波夫两次对内蒙古包头达茂旗百灵庙砂凹地6座鲜卑墓葬的发掘。

This paper classified the funerary objects which were with'Damaged objectsr'(hidqi) characteristics and unearthed from Xianbei burials.These funerary objects included pottery, metal plate ornaments,bronze mirrors and copper/iron Fu(鍑).The author indicated opinions on three aspects;the origin of'Damaged objects'custom of Xianbei burials,the question reflected by the kind and amount of damaged objects,and the function of'Damaged objects'custom in the interaction between Xianbei tribe and Murong tribe.First,'Damaged objects'was a traditional funerary custom in Chinese north nationalities.Second,the change of'Damaged objects'custom in Tuoba burials indicated that the contact with outsides was gradually strengthened,and it reflected the fusion course with central plain culture of China,and also indicated the spirit of Tuoba tribe still kept some ethnic characteristics.The change of'Damaged objects'custom in Murong burials indicated that ethnic characters Murong tribe kept were fewer than Tuoba tribe,especially physical things,and Murong tribe kept more spiritual characters than physical characters.Finally,the interaction between Murong tribe and Tuoba tribe was not only physical,but also spiritual.