美国国家安全委员会机制的创立与演变

Creation and Evolution of the US National Security Council Mechanism

美国国家安全委员会是位于中枢的重要日常协调机构,其机制在前三十年中虽然变化剧烈,但存在着明显线索,1987年后呈现出相当稳定的状态。这些都需要用一种连续的理论来对其进行整体解释,绝不能简单地套用从冷战起就开始盛行的"竞争-集权"框架。"战略选择"理论能够充分容纳塑造国家安全机制形态的国际因素和国内因素,建立起国际环境与国内制度间可信的因果关系,具备长期的解释力。1945-1950年这一时期国安会的机制建立和调整都是由杜鲁门政府"谨慎冒险"的对外战略所主导的。

The US National Security Council is a pivotal coordinative institution in the US and has evolved in a clear vein.Although its mechanism changed dramatically in the first 30 years after its establishment,it has finally stabilized after 1987.To understand the changes of the council,we need to rely on a consistent new model to cover the whole time period rather than the traditional 'international power competition- domestic power concentration' framework that prevailed in the Cold War era.The 'strategic choice' theory is capable of connecting the domestic and international factors in explaining the making of the US national security apparatus and establishing a reliable correlation between international environment and domestic institution,thus having a long-term explanatory capability.From 1945 to 1950,the establishment and reorganization of the national security council mechanism by the Harry Truman Administration are based on its 'calculated risk' foreign strategy.