试析社会主义建设道路分歧和领导人个人因素对中苏论战的影响

On the Influences of Divergences in Socialist Construction and National Top Leaders' Personal Factors upon Sino-Soviet Debate from 1956 to 1966

中苏论战是社会主义建设史上的重大事件,对中国和苏联的社会主义建设都产生了深远的影响,是一场"双输"的历史悲剧。导致中苏论战的原因是多方面的,社会主义建设道路分歧和两国领导人个人因素是其中的重要因素。苏共不认同中国共产党的"三面红旗"并提出批评,中国共产党认为赫鲁晓夫的"物质刺激"是修正主义,这种分歧和所谓争夺国际共产主义运动的领导权问题交织在一起,增加了问题的复杂性。中苏两国都是权力高度集中的国家,最高领导人个人因素对两党两国关系产生重大的影响。毛泽东认为赫鲁晓夫与自己不是一个层次的领导人,赫鲁晓夫把毛泽东看作是对其国际共运领袖地位的威胁,两个人的文化素质、个性、风格和思维方式也有很大的不同,这些因素都对中苏关系产生了重要的影响。

The Sino-Soviet Debate from 1956 to 1966 is of great importance in the history of socialist construction. It also has profound influences on both China＇s and Soviet Union＇s socialist construction, and is regarded as a ＂dunbleloss＂ historical tragedy. Among the various causes of the debate, there are two noticeable aspects： divergences in Socialism Construction and personal factors of the two countries＇ top leaders. On the one hand, Soviet Communist Party didn＇t agree with CPC＇s Three Red Banners （the General Line for Socialist Construction, the Great Leap Forward and the People＇s Communes）; on the other hand, CPC considered Nikita Khrushchev＇s ＂material incentive＂ to be revisionism. These divergences and the so-called battle for the leadership in the International Communist Movement were intertwined, which made the Sino-Soviet relations even more complicated. Moreover, in both China and Soviet Union, power was highly centralized so that personal factors of the two countries＇ top leaders played a very important role in the relations of the two countries. Chairman Mao personally didn＇t like the comparison between Nikita Khrushchev and Mao himself, meanwhile the latter considered Chairman Mao to be his rival in the position of leadership in the International Communist Movement. Actually, Chairman Mao and Nikita Khrushchev are quite different from each other in many aspects, such as cultural accomplishments, personality, ways of leadership, thinking patterns etc.. Those factors brought very negative influence to the relations between China and Soviet Union.