减施肥料对不同前茬烤烟生长和产质量的影响

Effects of Reducing Fertilization on Growth, Yield and Quality of Flue-cure Tobacco Planted with Different Preceding Crops

为提高养分资源利用效率、保护生态环境和增加经济效益,通过田间试验研究了油菜、冬闲、绿肥、大麦、小麦5种前茬烤烟在当地常规施肥基础上分别减施氮肥(对绿肥茬、冬闲茬和油菜茬烤烟)和钾肥(对小麦茬和大麦茬烤烟)对烟株生长、烟叶产量和质量的影响。结果表明,油菜茬、绿肥茬、大麦茬和小麦茬烤烟减施肥料处理不仅不影响烤烟正常生长发育和落黄成熟,而且移栽后不同生育期生物量均有所增加,烤后烟叶产质量、烟叶化学成分协调性也皆以减施肥料处理较好。而冬闲茬烤烟减施肥料处理烟株前期营养生长较弱,后期营养生长较强,烤后烟叶产质量降低,烟叶化学成分协调性和烟叶品质也较差。综合而言,在当地常规施肥的基础上,绿肥茬和油菜茬烤烟可以分别减施氮肥25%和9%,大麦茬和小麦茬烤烟均可以减施钾肥10%,但冬闲茬烤烟不宜减施17%的氮肥用量,适宜施肥量有待于进一步研究。

In order to improve fertilizer use efficiency and increase farmers' income as well as to protect the environment, field experiment was conducted to study effects of reducing fertilization on growth, yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco compared with the conventional fertilization in five different rotation systems(rape-tobacco, fallow-tobacco, green manure-tobacco, barley-tobacco and wheat-tobacco) in Xundian county of Yunnan Province The results showed that reducing fertilizer application had no adverse effect on growth and maturity of tobacco plants with rape, green manure, barley and wheat as preceding crops. Moreover, dry matter accumulation increased for the plants in the treatments with reducing fertilization after transplanting. Leaf yield, economic value, profit, chemical components and leaf quality were all better in the treatments with reduced fertilizer application than those with normal fertilization in four rotation systems, including rape-tobacco, green manure-tobacco, barley-tobacco and wheat-tobacco. However, for the tobacco plants in fallow-tobacco rotation system, reducing fertilization resulted in poor growth and undesirable quality. Leaf yield, economic value, profit, chemical components and leaf quality worsened. In conclusion, nitrogen fertilizer could be reduced by 25% and 9% for the tobacco plants compared with the normal fertilization rate in green manure-tobacco and rape-tobacco rotation systems, while for those in barley-tobacco and wheat-tobacco systems, potassium could be supplied at 90% of the recommended rate. For those in fallow-tobacco rotation system, nitrogen fertilizer should not be reduced by 17%. Further study is needed to determine the suitable nitrogen amount to be applied in this system.