现代公民身份与农民工有序市民化研究

On the Citizenship and the Urbanization of China's Rural Migrant Workers

农民工市民化过程是城乡一体、工农平权的过程,实质是现代公民身份及其权利的实现,它与中国现代国家构建同一进程,并是其中重要的内容。城乡二元治理体制以地域社区成员身份及户籍身份僭越公民身份,形成了农民工与市民权利的差序格局,一方面是权利不平等,另一方面是民事、政治与社会权利发展失衡。改革开放以来,农民工权利遵循民事、社会、政治的序列获得发展。但基于"行政赋权"机制的农民工权利获致,呈现"非均衡赋权、碎片化赋权、个体化赋权、被动式赋权"的特征与问题,显现出弱化国家权威与制度认同等政治社会风险。从根本上看,实现有序市民化需要"找回国家",解构"公民身份差序格局","地方公民身份"必须让位于"国家公民身份";构建现代国家,实现民事、政治、社会三种权利均衡发展。从当前来看,实现有序市民化需要国家赋予"集体权利",规范有序地构建农民工"工业公民身份",以及社区动员与支持,开放、包容地构建农民工城市"社区公民身份"。

The urban-rural dual governance system and local community membership arrogate the citizenship,with which the Constitution of the People＇s Republic of China endows rural migrant workers and citizens. It not only means unequal rights,but also an unbalanced development of civil rights,political rights and social rights. Since the Reforming and Opening,China＇s rural migrant workers achieve effective citizenship rights following such a sequence—＂civil → social → political ＂. However, ＂administrative empowerment ＂ brings some problems—＂unbalanced,fragmented,individual and passive＂,and serious political-social risks. Basically,the orderly urbanization needs to bring the state back in and deconstruct the differential citizenship. Promoting the building of modern state makes a balanced development of three rights. At present,it needs to empower rural migrant workers with the collective rights and build the industrial citizenship the city community citizenship.